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_ THE LIFE

|
'

| JOSEPH GARIBALDI,

THE LIBERATOR OF ITALY.

*

COMPLETE UP TO THE WITHDRAWAL OF GARISALDI TO HIS ISLAND HOME
AFTER THE NEAPOLITAN CAMPAIGN, 1860.

8d Renised Edition

| BY 0. J. VICTOR.
| BEADLE AND COMPANY,

NEW YORK: i141 WILLIAM STREET.
LONDON: 44 PATERNOSTER ROW.

‘

 
Martered according to Act of Congress, In the Year 1861, by

BEADLE AND COMPANY,
tm the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
Southern District of New York.

 
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\, INTRODUCTION, ¢#

? * Ir is somewhat remarkable that a complete and authentic

biography’ of Garibaldi has not yet been given to the world.
}> No man of the nineteenth century—if we except Napoleon Bo-
naparte—has commanded more attention for his deeds upon the
field of battle; while his singular vicissitudes of fortune have in.
; them all the elements of a sirange romance; yet no narrative of
his life exists other than the disjointed “autobiographies” of
: Mr. Dwight, of New York, and Alexander Dumas, Sr., of Paris
| —both of which only come down to the close of the Roman
} campaign, 1849. These two volumes evidently were drawn
from the same memoranda, though that by Dumas is much the
more complete. In both, however, great discrepancies exist
which are not easily reconciled with the idea of both volumes
having originated from the same source—discrepancies of
names, dates, and incidents; while, during several months, upon”
different occasions, in which most important events transpired,
@ hiatus occurs in the narrative that it would appear impossible
for Garibaldi to have made, Add to these shortcomings, the
generally confused “make up” of the books—the large amount
of irrelevant matter, natural to a record composed, as Garibaldi
: Writes, for the eyes of his friends alone—and we can truthfully
; Say the life of Garibaldi remains to be written. _

In the preparation of this little book, I have used the “ auto-
biographies,” so far as they could be rendered available with
due regard to continuity in the narrative, correcting their
incongruities and palpable omissions by reference to cotempora-
| - heous records of the Montevidean republic and Argentine con-

a
a

it
i}
i
al

_ federation existigg in the Astor Library, of New York city.
The labor bestowed upon this portion of the work has been
reat, owing to the conflicting statements of documents, as well
88 their occasional variance from the construction of Gari-

 
 

6 INTRODUCTION.

baidi’s own version. It has been my earnest purpose to produce
such a narrative as would have the virtue of authenticity, at
least :—if errors have been admitted, my authorities must, 1
feel, bear the greatest share of responsibility.

The several histories of the siege of Rome, as well the glow-
ing record made of that memorable three-month’s service, by
Garibaldi, I haye made available in the chapters devoted to that
portion of the chieftain’s history. The nature of this work ne-
cessarily restricted the narrative to the part acted by Garibaldi;
still, it will be found that thestory of the Italian Republic of
1849, is incidentally told so far as to give the reader a just idea
of the causes and results of that wonderful episode in history.

The Lombardy campaign of 1859, is almost exclusively drawn
from the correspondence, news, dispatches, and reports of the
war of 1859, as found in newspapers and cotemporary records.
The data has been so voluminous that I have been able to pro-
duce what is, I trust, an entire and correct record of the import-
ant services rendered by Garibaldi and his Chasseurs, as well as
of the part he acted after the Villafranca armistice, up to the
descent upon Sicily (April, 1860).

The narrative of the Sicilian and Neapolitan campaign (1860)
is given With brevity. The history of that campaign if cor-
rectly told would fill a volume. At this time the light and au-
thority necessary to’ produce an’ authentic narrative are yet
wanting—at least so far as relates to the intrigues of faction
and section which caused Garibaldi’s retirement to Caprera.
What we have given will suffice to show how nobly the great
Liberator performed his mission to Sicily and Naples. Let us
hope, ere another twelvemonth, to verite, also, how fully the
jevoted Patriot has redeemed his promise to free Rome and
Veuctia.

   

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pontiac

  
 

 

 

CONTENTS,

CHAPTER IT.

Birth—Early Education—His Mother—His First Voyages to Odessa,
Rome, Cagliari, Genoa, the Levant, ete.—Sick in Constantinople—
Becomes a Teacher—Returns to Marseillés,, - - - - 9

CHAPTER II.

Meets Mazzini—Enlists in the Society “La Giovanni Italia”—enters
the Sardinian Navy—Failure of the Revolutionists—Escapes Arrest
—Flight to Marseilles in Disguise—Ships as Mate—KEnters the Ser-
Vice of the Bey of Tanis—Resigns and returns to Marseilles—Becomes
Nurse in a Cholera Hospital—Ships for Rio Janeiro,- - + 138

CHAPTER ITI.

Meets with Rosetti—Their Engagement with the Republic of Rio
Grande—First Cruise and First. Prize—Landing at Maldonato—Order
for Arrest—Escape—Perilous Voyage up the Plata—Singular Navi-
_— to gain the Shore—Visits a Costanza for Provisions—The

ampas—A_Poetess—Obtains Food—A_ Bloody Engagement—
Wounded—Voyage up the Parana, - - - - - - 18

CHAPTER IV.

A Prisoner at Gualegay—Attempted Escape and Arrest—Suffers Tor-
ture and Imprisonment—Is Released—Goes to Montevideo—Thence
to Rio Grande—Builds two Vessels—Active Operations on the
Lagune los Platos—Terrific Encounter with the Guerrilla Chief Col.

loringue—A Real Love Affair—Builds more Vessels—the St.
Catherine Expedition—Shipwreck, - - + - = - %&

CHAPTER V.

Grief for his Lost Companions—Finds a Wife—Her Character A
rivateering Expedition—Its Success, and Final Disaster—Sunguin-
ary Conflict at Imbituba—Heroism and Daring of his Wife—Unhappy
Xpedition to Imbrui—Desperate Conflict on the Lagune—His Wife’s

_ Prowess and Extraordinary Services—Awful Slaughter on the Ves-
Sels—The Ships Burned—A Retreat—Life as a Guerrilla Leader—~
Anecdotes of his Wife, of ee ES age SU aR

CHAPTER VI.

The Battle of Taquere—A Sad Reverse and Retreat—Surprise of San
ose—A Victory and its Disgraceful Results—The Army almost
Annihilated—Tarries at San Marino—First Child Born to Anita—
etreat of the Republicans to San Gabriel, over the Mountains—-
Awful Sufferings in the Forest—Arrival at San Gabriel—Becomes 4
sattle-drover—Leaves for Montevideo—Employment there, - 36

 
   

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VII.

Takes Command of the “‘ Oriental Squadron” —Passage up the Parana
—Running Cannonades—Meets the Argentine Flotila—Stand made
against the Enemy’s Fleet—Terrific Battle of the Parana—Desertion
of the Argentine Flotilla—The Ships Fired—Escape to Corrientes—
Ordered to San Francisco—Battle of the Arroyo Grande, - 14

CHAPTER VIII.

Montevideo Besieged—Arrangements for a Sea-fight—English and
French Intervention—Anzani called to Command the Legionaries—
Their Remarkable Services and Public Recognition of them—The
Expedition up the Uruguay—Its Success—Salto Fortified—Extra-
ordinary Battle of the Plains of San Antonio—Astonishing Valor of
the Troops—Its Success and Effect upon the Mind of the World, 46

; CHAPTER IX.
Anecdotes and Incidents, ie AREAS ste Sea i a Ae Se

CHAPTER X.

Distracted State of Affairs in the Republic—The Revolution of Rivera
—The Conflict on the Daymarn—Return to Montevideo—State of
Affairs there—Ho, for Italy !—Offer of Services to the Pope—De-
parture fur Europe—Landing at Nice—Offer of Services to Charles
Albert—Col. Medici—Death of Anzani, - - - - - 87

CHAPTER XI.

Refused Service by Charles Albert—Enters the Service of Milan—
Forms the Legion—March to Bergamo—The Armstice—He Declares
for Italy and falls back upon Como—Fight at Serino—Advance‘ to
Varese—Radetzky Maneuvers to cut off his Retreat—Cuts a Bloody
Passage into Switzerland—Goes to Genoa—The Legion gathers at
Rayenna—The call to Rome, bY cart Bbitode Binet. nSe

CHAPTER XII.

At Rome—The Defense of the City, - - + © - = 6

CHAPTER XIII.
The Closing Drama of the Roman Republic, - + + - - 7

CHAPTER XIV.

Incidents of the Siege—Anita—Attempt to reach Venice—Dispersicn
of the Troops—Anita’s Death—The Escape to America—Candle-
making on Staten Island—Selling Cigars in_Cincinnati—Goes to
California—Takes Command of a Peruvian Vessel—In Boston: in
1853—-Return to Genoa—On Island of Caprera, - - ~- 97

CHAPTER XV. Ea

The Lombardy Campaign in 1859, - - “- - = - = $2

CHAPTER XVI.
The Erenta-of 1860, - + -* +2 © = 2.,< « 8

 

 
  
 
    
  
    
   
  
 
 
    
  
  
 
 
 
      
   
  
   
   
   
  

 
 

 

THE LIFE OF
JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

 

CHAPTER I.

BIRTH—EARLY EDUCATION—HIS MOTHER—HIS FIRST VOYAGES TO ODESSA,
ROME, CAGLIARI, GENOA, THE LEVANT, ETC.—SICK IN CONSTANTINOPLE—
BECOMES A TEACHER—RETURNS TO MARSEILLES.

GrtsEprE (JosEPH) GARIBALDI was born at Nice, Italy,
July 22, 1807.* His father, Dominique Garibaldi, was a
Sailor, and the son of a sailor. The surf that rolled in upon
the Ligurian coast made the music of his infant lullaby, while
the songs of sailors—the stories of his father—the sight of the
‘sy quay, seemed to awaken in his boy’s heart that strong de-
Sire for the sea which, eventually, gained the mastery and
Made him a sailor. From the father he seems to have in-
‘crited manliness of deportment, sagacity of instinct, devotion
‘o duty, and indomitable perseverance; from the mother evi-
dently came his generosity, his purity of heart, his desire to
‘clieve suffering and right the wrong; from the sea, the
Mountains, the memories of his country, he drew that courage,
“onstancy, ardor, thirst for freedom, which, in his later years,
“wminated in deeds which shall render his name and glory
‘Nmortal. :
™ Considerable discrepancy exists in the statements of different authors.
bic, Westminster Review (October, 1859,) fixes the 4th of June as the

‘tthday. Madame Marguerittes, in her‘ Italy and the War of 1859,” gives
yy 4th as the day. In the “ Autobiography” published by Barnes & Burt,
how, York. no reference is made to his day of birth. e adopt the an-

Senity of Dumas. The various attempts to prove Garibaldi a Canadian, r

wichman, a German, it is unnecessary to say. are mere speculations,

Galiout foundation in truth. The name is one honored in Italian annals.

th "ibaldi was Duke of Bavaria. a. D. 584—his ancestors having discarded

Ri, title of King. Garibaldus (descended from the duke aforesaid) waa

agi of Lombardy, a. p. 673. Whether or not the modern family can claim

glirect descent from these worthies is not stated by any reliable authori
e descent of Giuseppe Garibaldi is now pretty well anthenticated

 
10 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDIL

In the records of his life, which, fortunately, he has given ta
the world, we learn that his early years were not marked by
any unusual experiences. He says:—“T passed my first years
as all children pass them—amid smiles and tears, fonder of
pleasure than of work, of amusement than of study ; and I
did not profit, as I should have done, had 1 been more
studiously inclined, by the sacrifices my parents made for
me.” His education was conducted chiefly by private futors;
though it is evident that he owes his great fund of general

intelligence more to his varied life experiences than to books. _

Even in boyhood his resolute nature made such unmistak-
able manifestations as. caused his parents no small alarm.
Both father and mother earnestly desired Joseph to follow
some quiet profession—the law, medicine, or the church; and
the boy’s predilection for the sea pained them. An incident
is related which shows how strong in him this passion for the
sea had become. Tired ofthe quiet school-room, Joseph pro-
posed to some of his companions that they should run away
to. Genoa, a seaport nearly eighty miles distant. His
eloquence and resolute bearing won him the necessary volun-
teers, Seizing a, fishing-boat, the adventurers started. on their
perilous. voyage, and were well upon their way before their
escape was discovered. A boat, dispatched by Joseph's father,
in pursuit, overhauled the fugitives off the port of Monaco.
Garibaldi. says:—“ Ah abbe had scen us start, and betrayed us,
whence, perluvps, arises my little sympathy for abbes.”

From such apparently trifling circumstances do. some of ont
most lasting likes and dislikes spring. If, to the boyish anger
at that one good abbe the world is indebted for Garib:Jdi’é
dislike of the whole body of adbes—the Pope and the cardinals
included—we may trace the regeneration of Italy to a very
humble incident indeed.

to be “‘ noble’’—even if his father and grandfather were honorably chri*
tened good sailors. It is stated that the family was originally laced ament
the noblesof Genoa. At the institution of the ‘** Golden Book.” . D, 1525
its members were Classed with ‘‘ ancient families.” From that date unt
1%51, the name appears prominently in that golden record. In 1685, Jeanett#
‘Garibaldi was one of the four senators who accompanied the Doge of Genoa
to Paris, after the bombardment of Genoa by Louis XIV., to express theif
regret at having displeased that monarch. Joseph Garibaldi was bor?
1729. From him. we are informed, the Liberator is directly descended-
The blood of Vancinne noblesse, then, courses in his veins, and he maf
consort with kinga by “divine right’? as wull aa by right of his ow?
greatness.

   

 

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HIS FIRST VOYAGE. li

The mother’s influence over the boy was beneficent, He
bas affirmed that, in the most terrible instances of his life,
‘vhen the ocean roared under the keel and around the sides of
his yessel—when bullets whistled in his ears like the wind of
the tempest—when balls showered around ‘him like hail—he
Saw her on her knees, buried in prayer, bent at the feet of the
Most High, for her son's preservation. Those -who feel that
the hero and soldier has borne a charmed life, will have their
faith confirmed by his words:—‘ That which gave me the
Courage at which people have often expressed astonishment,
Was the conviction I felt that no harm could happen to me
While so good a woman, while such an angel, was praying for
Me,”

Let the youth of our land who admire and would emulate
the virtues of Garibaldi, learn from him to lean upon a
Mother's love.

From constant associations with sailors and the sea, Joseph’s
desire for adventure became uncontrollable. He was permit-
ted, therefore, at a comparatively early age, to enter upon his
Mariner’s career. His first voyage was to Odessa, in the Cos-
tanza, Captain Angelo Pesante, a daring commander and ad-
Mirable man, whose first lessons implanted good seéds in the
boy’s mind. The second voyage was to Rome’s seaport—
Civita Vecchia—in his father’s own little tartane, the Saneta
Reparata, After that followed coasting voyages in company
With his father, and a trip in the brig ?Hnea, to Cagliari.

A series of voyages to the Levant succeeded—in one of
Which the now young man was left sick in Constantinople.
His illness was protracted, and left him in destitute: cireum-
Stances. At the recommendation of his kind-hearted physi-
Cian, he obtained a place as tutor to the three sons of a widow
lady named Tenioni. In this service he remained very hap-
Pily several months, recruiting his health and purse.

But with health returned the restiess desire for the sea. A
Sood offer induced him to embark on the brigantine Notre
Dame, of which, on a subsequent voyage to Mahon and Gibrul-

tar, he was made captain, returning in her to Constantineple’

as commander. His skill as a sailor and honesty as a servant
made him a favorite with ship-owners and erews.
With age and experience the love of country took strong

 
   

  

12 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

possession of his thoughts. He therefore sought every avenue
of information in regard to the history and events of Italy.
Years upon years had rolled away, until centuries were nun
bered in her Christian civilization, but the ancient glory and
greatness of the Roman commonwealth and empire seemed to
have expired forever. The loving land had become the abode
of insufferable tyrannies; The people were ground into the
very earth by their grievous burdens. Liberty was accorded
only to the minions of the reigning power. Foreigners usurp-
ed the treasuries and imposed the tax-levies. The land
swarmed with soldiers, priests, and lazzaroni—consumers of
the precious pittance left by the tax-gatherers and church-
keepers. From everywhere, in that fair country—from Paler-
mo to Venice, from Venice to Savoy—went up the voice of
woe, while secret prayers were fervidly offered for delivery
from oppression, from kingly and priestly exaction, from the
presence of the hated Bourbon and detested Austrian. All
this weighed upon Garibaldi’s soul like an evil patrimony.
He brooded overthe theme by night and by day. He writes:

“T everywhere sought for that which might enlighten me ;. for
books, and for persons whose breasts responded to my own. On
a voyage from Constantinople to Taganrog, in Russia, I had for

assenger an Italian patriot—a young Ligarian, from whom I
earned the great plans of the patriots. Surely Columbus, lost
in the Atlantic, did not experience so much joy at the cry of
‘Land ho! as I, when I heard this -young patriot talk of our
country and its redemption.”

On a subsequent voyage from Greece, his yessel transported
to Constantinople a section of the St. Simonians, under the
leadership of Emile Barrault, from whose wisdom and piety
Garibaldi learned to look upon humanity and liberty in the
light of the true humanitarian. The pious enthusiast exerted
a marked influence upon the heart and mind of his scholar

Arriving in Constantinople, he threw up the command of
his ship and returned to the East, landing in Marseilles, te
enter upon that grand drama of Italian liberation, in which he

since has acted so important a part. Schooled to command,-

tried by adversity, hardened into great physical endurance,
with courage that could look death in the face smilingly, Gari-
baldi stepped upon the soil of France fully prepared for the
vast responsibilities of his future life, 2

 

an

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JOINS THE SOCIETY OF “YOUNG ITALY.”

CHAPTER It.

MEETS WAZZINI—ENLISTS IN THE SOCIETY “ LA GIOVANNI ITALIA” —ENTERS
THE SARDINIAN NAVY—FAILURE OF THE REVOLUTIONISTS—-ESUAPES AR-
REST—FLIGHT TO MARSEILLES IN DISGUISE—SHIPS AS MATE—ENTERS
THE SERVICE OF THE BEY OF TUNIS—RESIGNS AND RETURNS TO MAR-
SEILLES—BECOMES NURSE IN A CHOLERA HOSPITAL—SHIPS FOR RIO
JANIERO.

Ar Marseilles (1833) Garibaldi first met Mazzini, the apostle
Of “ Ta Giovanni Italia” (Young Italy). |The eloquent liberal
found in the enthusiastic sailor a willing listener, and their
first conference ended in a pledge, by Garibaldi, to espouse the
Cause of the “Italian Republic.” The failures of previous at-
tempts to incite an uprising of the people of Piedmont
Against their rulers had not intimidated the daring revolutionist
in the least. His partisans were neither dispersed nor depress-
€d, but awaited his call to arms with a feverish desire to
Wreak revenge for the blood of their brother patriots who had
Perished during the year for their sympathy with the cause
Of the liberals) For reading some numbers of the paper
Young Italy—sent out from Marseilles by Mazzini—Charles
Albert had shot Tamburelli, Tolla, Miglio, Biglia, Gavelli.. It
Was time that the sons of Italy should relieve the country of its
ssassins.

Great crises undoubtedly produce great men Mohammed,
Luther, Cromwell, Washington, Napoleon, Wellington, all seem
to have been born of the events of their time: they came
forth apparently perfectly qualified for their mission ; and,
trough they seemed to give direction to the ideas and cirenm-
Stances of their age, they were simply instruments in the
hands of that

: “ divinity that shapes our ends,

Rough hew them as we will’ :--

they embodied and responded to the ides already existmg, and

nly enforccd it by their ability, courage, and personal influezca

 
  

14 THE LIFE.OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

That Mazzini is one of these representative minds is true:
he reflects, perfectly, that restless, daring, proud, perturbed
element in Italy, which cries to be led to the field of glory, be
it to death or to victory. That he does not possess those
qualries which fit him for a ruler and guide is now painfully
apparent; but, that he has acted a very important part in
quickening the Italian mind and inciting it to active revolu-
tion, is unquestionable, He will dive im history as one of the
apostles of liberty.

Garibaldi entered with all the fervency of his enthusiastic
nature upon. the part he was to act in the plans of 1834
Muzzini, compelled to leave even French territory, had found
refuge in Switzerland—that land of refuge from Eurepean ty-
rants, which, from its Alpine fastnesses, looks dewn upon the
thrones around with a prophetic eye. From Geneva he issued
his instructions for the second effort upon Piedmont. The de-
sign was to enter the kinglom by two columns—one through
Savoy, the other direct from Geneva. Garibaldi, it was ar-
ranged, Should enlist in the _ Sardinian navy seryice,...He
writes in his own record :—

“T entered the service as a firstclass sailor, on the: frigate
P Burydice. My duty was to make proselytes among the crew
for the revolution, and I succeeded im the best manner possible.
Should all things prosper upon the land, I and my fellows were
to seize upon the frigate, and thus place at the disposal of the
republicans.a good vessel-of-war.”

Having secured the ship’s crew, his wneasy spirit led him
to Genoa.to assist in the outbreak there. Leaving the frigate, °
he. entered Place Sarzana, where thé barracks were situated,
and where, it was understood, the soldiers and people were to
raise the standard of rebellion and revolution: | No uprising
occarred. The royal troops began te. pour into tlie Place.
The lone adventurer found himself in imminent danger of. ar-
rest, and arrest was equivalent to death from ten musket-balls
fired in the back of the bedy—to imply disgrace even in
death. He took refugein the stall of a fruit-woman, conti-
ding his story to her. With a true woman’s heart'she conceal-
ed the stranger... At eight o’clock. in the evening, Garibaldi
went forth disguised asa peasant, to commence that life of
wandcring, and suffering, and labor, which las served as ‘hia
baptism.in the cause of his country. rolag

   

 

 
 

FLIGHT FROM GENOA TO FRANCE.

The entire plans of Mazzini miscarried. That section of
the invading army which set sail from Nyon, on-Lake Geneva,
Was arrested by the Genevan authorities, who apprehended
Serious complications with both France and Piedmont for al-
lowing a revolutionary force to gather in their territory, and,
Unmolested, to precipitate itself upon the domain guaranteed
to Victor Emanuel I. by the Holy Alliance. Another section,
Wder command of General Ramerin, and accompanied — by
Mazzini, met with disaster by. the cowardice and incompeten-
®y of Ramerin,* and was dispersed. . The co-operating inva-
Sion, projected by. way of Savoy, was also frustrated, and the.
hundred republicans comprising the heart. of. the army-to-be
Were dispersed, after a severe skirmish at) the grottoes of the
Echelles—in which two.of the patriots were taken prisoners
and shot by the Sardinian authorities.

Thus was the “St. Juliano attempt” at insurrection crushed.
With all others engaged in it, Garibaldi found: himself ordered
for arrest, while a. sentence of death was entered against his
Name. He was now. a fugitive, flying, through the mountains
toward Nice. With the sailor's stars for his guive, he traveled

"by night, lying concealed by day, His powers of endurance

Were tasked severely; for ten. nights.were. passed in the hard
Journey over the most unfrequented .paths and passes of the
Mountains of Sestre. At the end of that time he found him-
Self in the house of his aunt, at Nice, where he rested in
Secret for a day. Then he resumed. his flight for Marseilles,
accompanied by two trusty friends, | Arriving upon the banks.
of the river Var, it was found so swollen by recent rains as to
forbid its passage. to. any other than. the daring heart and
Strong arms of Garibaldi... Bidding his friends farewell, he
Plunged into the flood. and was. soon beyond. the: boundaries
of Sardinian authority. : ey
Deeming hims¢lf now safe from arrest, the refugee did not
hesitate to tell the corps de garde.of douaniers on the frontier
Who he was, and why he ha: quitted Genoa. This confi-

* Ramerin evidently was wanting in bravery. His disastrous retreat
~as been charged to his incompetency, but succeeding events renders it
Probable that he was designedly defeating the project of the patriots. He
%0k a command im the army of Charles Albert (predecessor of Victor
Emannel If. on the Sardinian throne), and was shot, in 1848, for. his
Complicity with the Austrians. Had Mazzini been fortunate in the choice
fa leader in the St. Juliano attempt upon Pied» +. i+ ‘3 highly probable

~ ?*orts at insurrection would have =-*~— *

 
    

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

dence was premature. The guard arrested him dn the spot,
and he was escorted to Draguignan, a prisoner. There he
was taken into a chamber-room, having a window looking out
upon the garden, fifteen feet below. Approaching this as if
quietly to enjoy the view, he sprang from the casement with
one bold leap, and made for the mountain. Ere the guards
could get upon his track, their late prisoner was beyond reach.
The kindly stars again guided his steps, which were once
more turned toward Marseilles as his port of safety. :

On the evening of the day succeeding this escape, the trusty
feet of the fugitive led him into a little village. Weary,
and very hungry, he sought the auberge (inn), and soon was
enjoying a plentiful meal of meat, bread, and wine. Again
counting upon the sympathy of the French, he betrayed him-
self; whereupon the innkeeper plainly told his guest that his
arrest must be ordered. Nothing daunted, the Italian chatted
on—only asking that the arrest be put off until after the dessert.

The inn being a resort for the young men of the village,
was filled with them early in the evening—some smoking,
vthers talking politics, a few playing at cards, and all drinking
vf the host’s wine, which kept him too busy to order the
urrest. But his eyes were not off the Italian, who, without
luggage, and a refugee at that, did not seem to promise the
best of pay for the substantial supper he had consumed. Gari-
baldi chinked the crowns in his pocket, which had a tranquil-
izing effect on the innkeeper’s domestic nerves, but did not,
apparently, render him less determined upon the arrest.
Equal to any emergency, Garibaldi now sought to win over
the whole company to his cause. After one of the young
men had finished a song, the Italian arose, cleared his throat,
and, in his rich, clear tenor, sang Beranger’s Dieu des bonnes
gens. The right chord was touched. The hearts of the
crowd swayed in-sympathy. The words grew dovbly impas-
sioned under the singer’s imposing and effective delivery. The
chorus leaped from lip to lip, until the whole band were chant-
ing in one voice. Garibaldi had conquered. “Vive Beran-
ger!” “Vive la France!” “ VicelItalia /” rent the air, and
the night was spent in fraternal hilarity. In the early morn-
ing the whole company accompanied the patriot several milea
on his way, ap‘ left him with a hearty “ God-speed.”

,

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A VOLUNTEER NURSE IN THE HOSPITAL. 17

Twenty days after the escape from Geneva, Garibaldi found
himself safely with his friends at Marseilles, There he re-
Mained several months, passing under the name of Pane. A
Position of mate offering on the brig Union, he again entereé
Upon duty and service during three voyages. to Odessa.

At the end of the third voyage, a commission was offered ir
the service of the Bey of 'Funis, which was accepted, as.
Promising more stirring duty and a wider experience witk
Naval tactics and armaments. A new frigate was built at
Marseilles, for the Bey’s navy. Garibaldi embarked in it, but
800n found the service a tyranny, and left it at the port of
Gouletta, returning to Marseilles in a Turkish brig, in quest
of other engagements.

Arriving again at the French seaport,’ he found the cholera
Taging terribly among the people. Business was almost sus-
Pended—all who could were hurrying away into the country
to escape infection. Physicians, priests, and sisters of charity
Were flitting everywhere-through the streets on their missions
%f mercy. The desolation, the suffering, the need of the poor,
Steatly moved Garibaldi, and he entered the hospital as a
Voluntary nurse. There for several weeks he labored at all
hours, comforting by his kind offices, and making even the
“isters of charity zealous in their praises of. his goodness,

Tavery, and great powers of endurance.

The cholera having abated, and “ Monsieur Pane”* finding
the cause of Italy hopelessly abandoned by the patriots, he re-
Solved upon seeing and knowing something of the New

Vorld. Enough had transpired to-convince him that the up-
"sing of the people of Italy was but a question of time. His
SAgacious mind foresaw that the great want, in the hour
of trial, would be a leader possessed of all those qualities ne-
Cessary to direct and lead in the grand struggle. With a firm
faith in himself, a sworn devotion to the cause of his country

& noble resignation to bide the proper hour for the final effc

&t disinthrallment, the patriot-sailor entered: upon life anew :— .
© felt that he was to become that leader. 7

tht Sentence of death had been pronounced against Garibaldi, as one of
es evolutionists, and fearing assassination or arrest, even on French soil
Wisely covered his identity with the assumed name of Pane. Mazzink
2 hunted from Switzerland and took refuge in Paris. Even Italians
«°¥ distrusted not his honesty, but the feasibility of his schemes. He
“ally passed over to England for greater safety, settling in London in 184

 
  

 

  

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARMBALDI.

He sailed as mate in the brig Nuutonier, Captain Beaure-
gard, bound for Rio Janiero, South America. The struggle
going on in the Republic of Rio Grande against Brazil, offered
a fit field in which to school himself to arms and command,
and to aid in the holy cause of freeing the people from Im-
perial tyranny.

CHAPTER Iitf.

MEETS WITH ROSETTI—THEIR ENGAGEMENT WITH THE REPUBLIC OF RIO
GRANDE—FIRST CRUISE AND FIRST PRIZE—LANDING AT MALDONATO—
ORDER FOR ARREST—ESCAPE—PERILOUS VOYAGE UP THK PLATA—
SINGULAR NAVIGATION nO GAIN THE SHORE—VISITS A COSTANZA FOB
PROVISIONS—THE PAMPAS—A POETESS--OBTAINS FOOD—A BLOODY EN-
GAGEMENT—WOUNDED—VOYAGE UP THE PARANA.

Arrivine safely in Rio, Garibaldi met there with Rosetti,
an Italian, like himself, exiled, and also, like himself, a willing
servitor in the “good cause.” The two were strangers, but
quickly became bosom friends and coadjutors, first in business,
then in adventure and warfare.

Imprisoned in the fortress of St. Creag, at Rio, were Ben to-
Gonzales, President of the Republic of Rio Grande, and his
secretary, Zambecani. Brazil was at war with the Republic,
for it- had revolted from her authority ; and, after a contest
marked by great cruelty upon the part of the Emperor of the
Brazils, Gonzales and his secretary were borne as prisoners to
the capital. Garibaldi’s heart opened at their story, and,
though their cause seemed desperate enough, he embraced it
with alacrity. Letters of marque were granted by the Presi-
dent to Garibaldi, authorizing him, in the name, and by the
authority of the Repubile, to make war upon Brazilian com-
merce, to confiscate Brazilian property, and to capture, ap-
propriate, or destroy Brazilian vessels.

The means at the disposal of the patriots were not exten-
sive. Their first adventure was upon a small seale indeed.
A garopera (fishing barque) was obtained, and manned by six-
teen resolute—if some of them were desperate—men. Chris

 

  

 
- — ©

 

THE FIRST CAPTURE. 19

tened the Muzzint, the vessel put to sea, steering direct to the
Marica isles, which lay but a few miles off the mouth of the
harbor of Rio. Landing on the largest of these islands, the
leader of the expedition clambered a high hill overlooking the
Whole surrounding sea. Once more he was in his element;
&nd, though but sixteen men obeyed his call, his heart was as
buoyant and hopeful as if a fleet awaited his commands. | He
Writes of the event :—“I stretched out my atms with proud and
happy emotions, and my lips burst forth into an eagle's ery
from his highest 'eyrie. The boundless ocean was my empire,
and I then took possession of it.”

A vessel soon hove in sight, coming out from the harbor, :
bearing Brazilian colors. Down upon her bore the gallant
bark, and soon Garibaldi obtained ‘his first prize—taken in
Sight of the capital, and within two or three miles of the fre-
Quented channel. The Brazilian was a sumaca loaded with
Coffee—a fine vessel with a comfortable cargo. Its crew was
Stupefied at the sudden ‘apparition of a corsair in those
Waters, and the daring summons to surrender almost under
the very batteries of the port. A Portuguese passenger came
forward with a box of jewels—which he offered as a ransom
for his life—supposing that veritable pirates had come upon
him. The glittering treasures had no temptation for the
Patriot-captain—he had another and a nobler prize in view ;
and the trembling Portuguese was reassured of his life and the
Possessorship of all his valuables,

The Mazzini was exchanged for the larger and more admi-
Table vessel. All the stores and armament were removed
into the prize, when the little bark was scuttled and sunk.

The voyage to the south was then commenced. The
hearts of the crew were strengthened by their adventure, and
they proceeded onward cheerily. The vessel was humorously
Techristened Scano pillo—a term of derision conferred by the

tazilians upon the people of the republics of South America.
When off the isle of St. Catherine, near Cape Itapocoroya,
the captured crew were set at liberty in their own small boat,
the only one with which the vessel was provided... They
Were allowed all their valuables, and such provisions as they
Chose to take. Five negro slaves of ‘the: becomes rose mao ‘ac
‘epted by Garibaldias recruit. ©: «2 ser.

 
  

== =

20 THE LIFE O¥ JOSEPH GARIBALDIL

Arriving safely at Maldonado, in Uruguay, thé’ expedition
was enthusiastically received by the people and authorities.
Rosetti, as financial agent and minister plenipotentiary, set
out for the capital, Montevideo, to sell the cargo of coffee and
thereby raise much needed funds, and to confer with the lead-
ers of the revolutionary movement upon the course which his
volunteer navy should pursue. This was an unlucky step, for
Rosetti’s mission betrayed the true character of his vessel.
Oribe, chief of the republic of Montevideo, ordered the arrest
of the leader and crew of the little vessel at Maldonado. This
could have been effected readily, for the-kind reception given

. the men had served to disarm them of fears, as well as to

break in upon their usual order of watchfulness and guard.
But the chief in command at Maldonado was well-disposed
toward the putriotic adventurers, and gave Garibaldi early and
secret warning of the order for arrest. The leader resolved
upon the immediate evacuation of this harbor of refuge,
though he had no port or place in view to which he could
safely sail, nor had any field of operations been determined
upon, The plan generally was to aid the republic of Rio
Grande, but how to do it in particular it had been left for fate
to determine. - Garibaldi could do nothing but weigh anchor
and push on up the Plata, strive to meet Rosetti, and mature
their plans.

An incident occurred here which happily illustrates the de-
termined nature of the leader. He had sold part of his prize
cargo of coffee to a merchant, who delayed paying for it. To
sail without the money due was not thought of, nb matter
what danger might threaten. Just before the vessel was
realy to drop out into the channel, Garibaldi buckled on
a brace of pistols, threw his cloak over his shoulders, and pro-
ceeded quietly toward the merchant’s house. Arriving there
he found the man of good trade but poor pay sitting out, en-
joying the magnificent night. Seeing his creditor approach,
he motioned him to go back, intimating that danger was
threatening. The coffee must be paid for; so the sailor, rée-
gardless of warnings, walked straight up tc the merchant.
Presenting a pistol to his breast, Garibaldi simply said :—

“My money !”

Tho sudden summons, and the air-of the captain, meant

~

  
 
  
 
    
    
  
 
   
   
   
    
  
   
  
 
 
 
    
   
  
  
   

 

 
afk

 

 

NAVIGATING ON A TABLE. 21

Money in earnest. The merchant hastened to requite the
debt of two thousand palagons, which soon found their way
aboard the vessel. By midnight the prow of the Seano pills
was plunging into the waters:of the vast mouth of the Plata.
At daylight, to the utter surprise of all, the vessel was found
hurrying on the breakers off Point Predras-negras. Breakers
ahead—breakers a-larboard, a-starboard, a-stern, and the sur-
ging seas sweeping over the decks! Springing to the mast-
head, Garibaldi saw, at a glance, where lay the clear sea. But
it seemed afar off, and death lurked in every fathom of the
Way. With the utmost exertion, and the loss of the fore-top-
Sail, the gallant swmaca was piloted through that spot, so red-
Olent of disaster; and finally gained the deep, heayy-rolling
current. Upon examination it was found that a pile of mus-
kets and. sabers, stowed near the binnacle, had caused the
Needle to swerve from its normal direction, and thus had led
them into the appalling danger.

The trip up the river was continued. The hope of the
Captain was to find Rosetti, or some word from him, at the
Point of Jesus Maria, which was as far north and west of
Montevideo, as Maldonado was to the north and east of it.
But no Rosetti, or agent of his, met the now anxious crew at
that point. Provisions were very short, and must, be replen-
ished. But how to do it was the question, when the vessel
Was entirely without a small boat in which to go ashore... De-
termined upon landing, double anchors were cast opposite the
Pampas, over whose green surface, four miles away, the cap-
tain had discovered, by aid of his glass, a house. In company
With a brave namesake, who volunteered for the service, Gari-
baldi started for the land on a table, to whose legs empty casks
had been fixed. It was a dangerous proceeding, for the cur-
Tent and waves made the singular raft dance fearfully. But,
through good fortune and skillful poling, the shore was reached,
Garibaldi struck out across the green plain, for the house he
had seen on the estancia, (farm or ranch), leaving his fellow,
Maurice, to watch the raft and await his return,

The pampas excited in Garibaldi’s mind sensations of won-
der and admiration. Stretching away for almost unnumbered
Miles, covered with grass and flowers, these plains are truly
Magnificent leaves of Nature's book—exceeding in beauty and

 
  

    

22 TH? LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

vastness the prairies and plains of the northern ¢ontinent.
Over them range absolitely innumerable hers of cattle,
horses, and deer, among which rides the wild gaucho, whose
life of freedom and glorious excitement makes his existence
one round of strong. emotions, succeeded by the delicious re-
pose of the hacienda embowered in flowers. The excitable
blood of the Italian beat into a quickened pulse at the sight
of such majesty of domain, and he went on his way blessing
God for such a country.

Arrived at the house, the stranger met with a kindly svel-
come from the wife of the then absent owner of the estancia.

‘In her he was surprised to find a woman of exquisite sensibilities

and varied accomplishments. Poor Maurice was soon forszut-
ten. The amiable senora was a Spaniard, but spoke Italian
fluently ; so the twain discoursed delightfully of nature, poetry,
and beauty, until the husband’s return. At early dawn Gari-
baldi returned to his waiting companion, whose anxiety was
not a little relieved at the safe return of the captain. He
forgot the long absence and the enthusiasm of his commander
over the senora, in the promise of beef.

The bullock was down to the river-side early in the day,
was slaughtered, and packed on the unsubstantial table-raft.
Then commenced the return voyage—a voyage remarkable in
the annals of navigation. What with the heavy load and the
heavy sea, the mariners had a most trying trip, ludicrous 1%
its way, but perilous in the extreme. After several hours
effort it was safely accomplished by the vessel hoisting anchor
and sailing down upon the raft. It is needless to say the
hungry men were grateful for the supply which the intrepidity
of their commander had brought them.

The destination of the craft was now as uncertain as ever.
Garibaldi heard nothing of his friend Rosetti: he had no ap-
pointment where to meet him: the waters in which he sailed
were not free to his keel:—what could he do ?

He was not long in doubt as to the course he mtst pursue.

Having dropped down the river and ancliored six miles be
low the Point Jesus Maria, directly in front Of the Birranca
of St. Gregorio, two barks put out for the single craft.
Coming near, their hostile character was made known by the
summons to surrender. Garibaldi had taken the precautioy

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 
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A FIGHT WITH THE BRAZILIANS, 23

to get under way, and had all the arms ready for any emer-
fency. His answer to the summons was the shout “to arms,”
at the same time ordering all sail to be made. The enemy's
decks flashed a stream of fire, and the volley struck down the
Man at the helm of the patriot goelette—one of the most
trusty of the crew. The return fire was furious. Garibaldi’s
Spirit fired the breasts of his Italian comrades, and they fought
fiercely against the triple numbers of their assailants. An at-
tempt to board was made, but Garibaldi was at the bulwarks,
and drove the obstinate Portuguese back. All this while his
Vessel swung hopelessly in the stream. The commander then
flew to the abandoned helm, to direct the goelette’s. course up
Tiver, when a ball wassent through his neck, between the
far and the carotid artery, which threw him. senseless to the
deck.

The fight lasted half an hour, when the enemy drew off,
Considerably crippled by the shot of the Italians. The negroes
and South Americans of the patriot crew stole away upon
the first order to fire—leaving the six brave countrymen of
the captain to sustain the fury of the enemy’s assault! The
9oelette bore away up stream without pursuit, At the end
of an hour Garibaldi recovered his consciousness, but found
himself weak and beyond the power of-speech. The men
Were all in great anxiety, for his death would determine their
Own fate by delivering them into the power of the enemy,
who now would treat them as pirates. They gathered around
him for hiscommands: he could only point to the chart,
Where his eyes dimly read Santa Fe; and thither the course
of the little vessel was directed. There Garibaldi thought to
find at least a temporary repose.

The body of the helmsman, Fiorentino, was committed to
the waters for burial. . Tbe man was dear to his leader, and
his loss was severely felt. by all. Garibaldi was much move: by
the sad necessity of giving the body to the waters; for how
Soon might he himself be consigned to the same resting-place
—food for the sea-wolf or ferocious cayman? His beloved
Italy rose before his dimmed vision—her grandeur and beauty,
her vine-clad hills, and Arcadian vales—wonld he ever behold
them again? He gave way to tears,

 
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
   
 
  
 
 
     

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDIL

CRA PTE. Rf V::

4 PRISONER AT GUALEGAY—ATTEMPTED ESCAPE AND ARREST—SUFFERS

TORTURE AND IMPRISONMENT—IS RELEASED—GOES TO MONTEVIDEO—

r THENCE TO RIO GRANDE-—-BUILDS TWO VESSHLS—ACTIVE OPERATIONS

ON THR LAGUNE LCS PLATOS—TERRIFIC ENCOUNTER WITH THE GUER-

RILLA CHIEF COL. MORINGUE—-A REAL LOVE AFFAIR—BUILDS MORE

VESSELS—THE ST. CATHERINE EXPEDITION—SHIPWRECK.

AFTER a passage of nineteen days the vessel made the port
of Gualegay. Previous to reaching it a ship commanded bya
native of Mahon had been hailed by Garibaldi’s faithful mate,
Louis Carniglia, and the kindest treatment was received at
this stranger’s hands, Provisions were plentifully supplied
the patriot crew, and the wounded‘captain was tenderly cared
for.. Letters were provided commending Garibaldi to Echague,
governor of the province of Entre-Rios, residing at Gualegay.
The revolutionists were received by him in a generous spirit.

‘ Garibaldi was attended by the governor’s own physician, by
whom the ball, still’in the neck of the captain, was extracted.
The vessel was. confiscated; but, for his own sustenance, one
crown per day was set apart—enough to support the Italian
in princely style, where the hospitality of the whole town was
generously extended to him.

For six months he remained in Gualegay, awaiting the
wishes of Rosas, dictator of Buenos Ayres. No decision,
however, came. Garibaldi determined to forsake his easy im-
prisonment, particularly as he was given to understand the
authorities would not make a very hasty nor energetic pursuit
of him. Confiding all to a friend, horses were furnished, and,
with a guide, the captain pushed on toward the Parana,
making fifty miles during the night. Arriving near the
Ibique, the guide went forward to seek out some friend.
During the guide’s absence a troop of horsemen who had been
i dispatched in pursuit came upon the fugitive, with drawn
P subers. He was soon bound to a horse, riding furiously back
to Gualegay, where he arrived in most miserable plight, suf-

>

 
a

 

IMPRISONED IN BUENOS AYRES. 25
fermg intensely from wounds, bruises, and fatigue; but that
did not prevent the commandant of the place in the govern-
or’s absence—one Millau—brutally beating the prisoner with a
heavy whip, nor from stringing Garibaldi up in the air, sus-
Pended by his bound hands, for the purpose of compelling him
to divulge the name of the friend who had furnished the
hurses and guide for the escape. Of course the torture only
awakened an intense feeling of hate in the prisoner’s breast.
He spat in the tormentor’s face to express his defiance, The
horrid torture was only given up, at the end of two hours, by
the absolute pity of the attendants. The excruciating pain
had been too great, and the prisoner fell as one dead, when
lowered to the floor. He was then put in fetters, bound to
an assassin, and borne away to prison, to suffer such agony as
few men ever have felt and survived. But for the cares of a
brave and devoted woman, Senora Aleman, he would have
Miserably died. She dared the vengeance of the monster,
Millan, and would have raised the people up in arms against
him had he presumed to use force to bar her way to the
Prison.

Finding the multitude becoming greatly exasperated at his
treatment of a man whom all had learned to admire, the com-
Mander had the prisoner conveyed to the capital of Buenos
Ayres, Bajada, for safe-keeping. Two months of imprison-
ment followed, but it failed to extort from the Italian the re-
quired confession as to who were his confederates in the
€scape. The world has heard much of the brutality of Rosas,*
but the story has never yet been told in all its horrors. He
found in Garibaldi a spirit as defiant.as that of a caged lion,
and was shrewd enough to perceive it. At the end of two
Months an order came for the prisoner’s release, providing that
he would instantly leave the province. This order, doubtless,
Was obtained through the kind offices of Governor Echague,
to whose goodness Garibaldi warmly testifies, ;

Proceeding down the river, by the aid of devoted friends,.
Garibaldi arrived safely in Montevideo, There he found a
Lumber of co-patriots, and Rosetti soon came on from Rio

* This tyrant was, at length, driven from the country which he had
Stained with the best blood of its people, male and female. He fled to

England accompanied only by his admirable and devoted daughter, Manu-
ta, and several million dollars in money.

 
   

26 _ wR Liye OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

Grande to meet his long-lost friend. He was kept in conceal-
ment for a month (the authorities of Montevideo had not for-
gotten, nor forgiven, that desperate engagement with the Seano
pilla); when, in company with Rosetti, he proceeded north-
ward to the republic of Rio Grande, in whose struggle for
liberty he was to embark. He was kindly received by the
representative of the president, Bento Gonzales, Who was then
absent on army duty against the imperialists.

Hurrying after the president, and longing for active duty,
Garibaldi was placed in command of the miniature fleet of the
republic, to be composed of two sloops of sixteen tons each,
which were then in course of construction at Camocua, by one
John Griggs, an American. The little vessels, though rudely
made, were an,honor to the American’s skill. They were
successfully completed and launched. Two bronze guns, with
muskets and sabers composed the armament. Garibaldi com-
manded the Rio Purdo—Griggs, the Republican. Operations
commenced immediately, upon the lagune Los Putos, where the
imperialists mustered thirty ships of war, and a steamer. The
lagune, all along shore, was shallow and ribbed with sand-
bars, making its navigation impossible to the enemy’s vessels,
but possible to thé republicans’ toaghly built craft, which ran
everywhere, making small prizes freely. Did the sloops
ground on a shallow or sand-bar the order was—

“Now, my brave ducks, to the water !”
when the men leaped overboard like frogs and soon lifted
their craft into deeper soundings. Alternately fighting and
running out of reach of the long-guns and smail boats of the
imperialists, this lagune warfare became exciting in the ex-
treme. At times*the men would take to shore duty, finding
plenty of horses at the deserted farms on the lagune borders.
They would make a sudden raid upon some exposed position
of the enemy’s camp, then fly to the fastnesses of the forest,
where pursuit was impossible.

One encounter deserves mention, as showing not only the
mode of warfare resorted to by these land and sea soldiers,
but as illustrating one of those episodes in Garibaldi’s experi-
ence which gives us a pleasant insight of his native character.

Two sisters of the President Gonzales lived on estancia3
one of which reached down ‘to the shores of the river Camo

  
 
    
  
 
   
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   

 

- —- at

— ee. OP
 

 

 

SKIRMISH WITR THE. SOERRILLA MORINGUR. 2?

Cua, and up which, from the-lagune the “ fleet” would occa-
Sionally run for rest, repairs, provisions, and, it must be said,
for society. Garibaldi had conceived a rather tender regard for
4 young lady in the household of Donna Anna—a daughter of
Lr. Ferrara, whose whole family had there taken refuge from
the outrages in Pelotas, She was a beautiful creature—just
the kind of beauty and disposition to make a living impres-
Sion upon the mirror of the Italian’s glowing soul. Every
Tvally proper opportunity was seized for running up to.the
Stancia, where Garibaldi always was a most beloved and wel-
Come guest, not only by the Donna and her fine family, but,
also, by that “ bright, particular star” which now was the sail,
0r’s life-beacon.

Upon one occasion, having landed and drawn the two
Sloops ashore for repairs, word came that the celebrated guer-
tilla leader, Col. Moringue, with one hundred and fifty horse
and foot, was in pursuit. -The colonel’ had more than found
his match in Garibaldi, and had determined upon the ex-
tinction of him and all his men. This, Garibaldi well knew,
and he took every precaution. against a surprise by the wily

tazilian. On receipt of the news of the guerritla’s coming,

Scouts were sent out in all directions. They returned without .

having discovered any signs of the enemy. Cattle and horses
Were turned loose that their sharp eyes and noses might show
the usual signs of uneasiness and fright, if an.ambushed enemy
Was near. No indications of excitement.were given. Gari-
baldi therefore sent the men off to their various stations, some
to work at the boats, others to cut wood, &c.—remaining
lone with the cook at the galpon (temporary barracks), built
f wood and substantially thatched. With no warning, the
8uerrillas came dashing down upon the galpon. Garibaldi and
the cook flew from, the gallipots to the building. Sixty care-
fully stacked muskets were there ready for his hands. He
Teceived a lance thrust through his poncho (cloak) as he
€utered the door—one. moment later and he had been pinned
‘o the earth. .In an instant the muskets were in his hands,
and one after another of the enemy fell before his sure and de-
iberate aim. The.discharges brought his scattered men to a
“onsciousness of the true condition of matters. A few of the
More resolute and faithful of them rushed through the enemy’s

4
i

 
  

=>

‘==

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDL

ranks, gaining the galpon in safety. Others were driven into
the woods, or sought safety by swimming across the river.
Then commenced such a warfare as reminds us of thosé¢
bloody encounters with the Indians, where houses are assailed
with tomahawk and fire. The enemy, kept at bay by the
deadly aim of the patriots, came upon the building from its
rear and mounted its roof to fire it, or to shoot down upon its
defenders. The first footsteps overhead betrayed the assail-
ant’s whereabouts, and he was riddled with balls. Several
times the roof was on fire, but the nimble and daring Louis
Carniglia was everywhere and succeeded in quenching it—
thus saving the little band from roasting alive.

In this manner the fight continued for three hours, each
party.resorting to every conceivable method for dispatching
the other. Finally, a chance shot, by the negro cook, broke
the arm of Col. Moringue, and he was compelled to withdraw,
with his men, leaving fifteen dead on the bloody field, and
bearing away many wounded. The patriots lost five of their
men shot dead, while three subsequently died or were killed
in consequence of their wounds.*

A fete was given at the estancia, by Donna Anna, in-honor

of the victory. Then it was that Garibaldi learned of the ex-

citement and apprehension of the young lady in his behalf
He therefore exclaims, at this betrayal, very naively :-—“ It was
a victory more precions to my heart than the trophies of the
bloody encounter. “Ah, lovely child of the New World! 1
belonged to thee always and gloried in it! Alas! thou wast
not destined‘for me, but another claimed thee.” <A fair state-
ment of the case, since, if the lady did love the gallant captain
she was true to her vows and married a son of the President
Gonzales. The incident shows how susceptible to the gentle
influence of female society and character Garibaldi was. His
pure devotion to woman and his noble devotion to the caus?
of freedom always have lain together in his heart, like twin
emotions.

3. was the custom of the country for a desperately wounded man 10
summon his most intimate friend, to whom he committed his last wishe#
then gave the order which ended his misery. Jt was considered the i
peretiye duty of any friend to act on these occasions, and to b'ow out the
brains of their comrade when the order was given. Seemingly a barbarou#

treatment, but humane, nevertheless, when surgeons and all cuzative ay
pliances were wanting.

   
 

    
 
 
    
    
  
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
   
  
   
   

 
— &

—_ Sa 18

 

 

GHUIPWRECK OF THE RIO PARDO, 29

The enemy did not further molest the brave crews. Stimu-

lated to new achievements, Garibaldi resolved upon buildiag

two new sloops, or lanciones, for active service on the lagune.
After ineffectual efforts on the part of the republicans to re-
duce the capital, Porto Allegre, and rid it of the imperialists,
an expedition upon St. Catherines was determined tpon, in
Which the “ fleet” was to take part.* But how? All the
exits to the lagune were- commanded by the guns of the im-
Perialists, and the sea could only be reached by transporting
the little vessels overland, fifty-four miles. This was done.
For two of the best lanciones carriages were constructed, of
ponderous strength, and, with the aid of an immense number
of oxen, the vessels were safely Jaunched in the shallow lake
Tramandai, which opens into the Atlantic. After almost in-
credible labor and danger from the heavy surf which constant-
ly lashes those shores, the vessels were floated from the shal-
lows into the deep sea—the first vessels of a size above a
Canoe which ever had left that quiet harbor. Sail was
Made and a storm from the south came on. The course was
down the coast—the Rio Pardo, commanded by Garibaldi, on
the lead, followed by the Steval, under command of the
brave and trusty John Griggs When off the mouth of the
Aseungua, Garibaldi attempted to run his vessel ashore, fore-
Seeing that it must be swamped in the heavy sea then rolling.
The attempt was fatal. The little craft was struck by a tre-
Mendous wave which capsized it, and all was lost. The com-
Mander, at the moment, was at the mast-head, trying to descry
& passage through the breakers to the beach. He was thrown
far from the wreck, but swam back and around it to save his
Crew, if possible. It was, indeed, a sad disaster, for six
Italians, his devoted followers and companions in arms, were
drowned—among them the faithful Louis Carniglia.

The Sterel was lighter than the Rio Pardo, and, by tacing
the gale, survived it. Its commander was a good sailor and

.* St. Catherines was the province given by the Emperor of Brazil to his
Sister, ae a dowry, on the occasion of her marriage with the Bourbon
Tince de Joinville. :

+ John Griggs came from a wealthy family in the United States. The
Spirit of adventure and resistance to tyranny ied him to embark in the
Cause of independence in South America, He was killed,a short time
pact at the desperate battle ip the lagune of St. Catherines where Gari.

oy burned his ships. He was a brave hero in the best sense of the
r a;

 

 
   
   
   
  
   
   
  
 
   
     
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  

30 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.
played his part. nobly in all emergencies, He reached» St
Catherines in safety.

The shipwreck occurred on revolutionary territory, whose
people received the remnant of the crew very kindly. Gari
baldi soon: set forward with his. liit!e force and joined. the
army under Gen. Canabarro, then marching upon the province
to form a junction for» co-operating with. the “fleet.” The
march was tc an easy triumph;, for the imperialists, not an-
ticipating any movement in that quarter, could offer but small
resistance. A large quantity. of arms, munitions, clothing,
&c., were found in the barracks at Guiliana, on tlre lagune of
St. Catherines, and three vessels of war were there captured.
Garibaldi was placed in command again—raising his flag on
the goeglette Ita pasika, of seven guns,

CHAPTER VY.

GRIEF FOR HIS LOST COMPANIONS—FINDS A WIFE—HER CHARACTER—4
PRIVATEERING EXPEDITION—ITS SUCCESS, AND FINAL DISASTER—sAn>
GUINARY CONFLICT AT IMBITUBA—-HEROISM AND DARING OF HI3 wirs
—UNHAPPY EXPEDITION TO IMBRUI— DESPERATE CONFLICT ON THB
LAGUNE—HIS, WIFE'S PROWESS “AND EXTRAORDINARY SERVICES —AWFUL
SLAUGHTER ON THE VESSELS—THE SHIPS BURNED-—-A RETREAT—LIFE
AS A GUERRILLA LEADER—ANECDOTES OF HIS WIFE.

AFTER the loss of his comrades by the fatal shipwreck,
Garibaldi became restless and unhappy to a degree which seri-
ously interfered with the proper discharge of his duties. Hi#
friend Rosetti, beeoming secretary of the Provisional Govern-
ment—now established in St, Catherines, by the republican
general—was so wholly engrossed with the cares of state as
to give to his companion-in-arms. little of his time. Grief for
the loss of his brave followers demanded some active counter-
emotion to save Garibaldi from utter despondency, He
sought the society of women, firmly resolved to find a wife,
if possible. He sought successtully. Providence seemed to
throw in his way. the very woman for the man—one endowed
with beauty, gentleness and courage, and possessed of constan-
ey, devotion and powers of enduranoe quite remarkable. She

 

  

~~

 
 

 

MARRIAGR.—A SEA FIGHT. 81

was a Brazilian lady, named Anita (Anna), a native of the
district of Laguna, in St. Catherines province. The first inter-
View seems to have united their destinies. Ever afterward
they were inseparable companions, devoted to each other by
an attachment which savored so much of the heroic as to ren-
der it memorable in the annals of conjugal love.

General Canabarro concerted measures for Garibaldi’s fur-
ther naval operations. With three vessels he sailed from the
lagune on a privateering expedition up the coast of Brazil. A
humber of valuable prizes fell into his hands. Proceeding
homeward with these, he encountered a heavily armed brig of
the enemy, which, though bravely met, succeeded in dispers-
ing the lancrennes and their tenders; All the prizes were lost
except one, which was run ashore at Imbituba, A high
Northeast wind compelled the three vessels, also, to make that
harbor. At night the gale veered into the south, which ren-
dered escape into the lagune impossible, and made it certain
that the enemy’s entire squadron would soon be in upon them.
Every preparation was made for the engagement, which the
imperialists soon forced upon them. ‘The contest was fierce
in the extreme—the republican vessels being fairly riddled, in
hulls and rigging, by the cannon and musket balls of their
Near assailants. For five hours the murderous fire was inces-
Sant—the enemy growing desperate at the resistance made,
and the republican commander resolved not to give up as long .
&s his own vessel floated. Fairly exhausted by the obstinacy.
of the repulse, and dreadfully ‘crippled by Garibaldi’s guns, the
imperialist squadron drew off, not to return to the eacounter,

Anita was one of the spirits of that wild scene. She was
€verywhere, encouraging the men, loading and_firing the cir-
bines, dragging the wounded away and piling up the dead,
Yet closely watching over her husband as if her eye could
charm the danger from ‘that death-hurtling shower around
Nim. A ball passed through two men in front of her, knock-
ing her down. Garibaldi flew to her side, but she was quick-
Yon her feet. He begged of her to retire to the cabin. She
Teplied :—“ I will go, but only to drive out the cowards whe

’ve sought concealment there.” She soon retarned, driving
fore her three sailors, who, ashamed of their cowardice. and
“imulated by her bravery, fought like Romans.

 
  

   

83 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDZ,

It was thus that bloody victory was won:—to Anita belong
ed half the honors.

The republicans set about preparing for the enemy’s retur®
—repairing damages, burying the dead, fitting up the mag
zines and caring for the wounded. No enemy appearing:
however, during the next day, Garibaldi called in—the land
batteries, weighed anchor and sailed away for the lagun
The imperialists discovered the escape too late to intercept
the little vessels, which reached their former harbor at Guili-
ana in safety. Great was the rejoicing of their friends at the
return, But painful events awaitetl them.

The republican rule at St. Catherines had been marked by
such excesses that the people of the whole province weré
ready to repudiate their once welcomed presence. One town;
Thobrui, at the head of the lake, had revolted, and Garibaldi
was ordered, by Gen. Canabarro, to “chastise” the city and
surrounding country with fire and the sword. This cruel
mandate awakened in the patriot’s heart extreme disgust ; but
he resolved to go, believing he could stay excesses better than
others. The result was such a scene of pillage, carnage and
debauchery as harrowed Garibaldi’s soul deeply. . If it was
one of war's necessities it was an outrage none the less great
against humanity.

Returning to headquarters he found the main army all astir-
The enemy was pouring in reinforcements to its forces by land

‘and sea, while the republicans were moving over to the right

shore of the lagune, preparatory to retreat. Garibaldi had
assume the arduous task of transporting the army materiel
over. The imperial flect, of twenty-two sail, appeared at the
harbor mouth. _ Garibaldi planted shore batteries and proposed
to resist to the last with his small and lightly armed lanciennes.
His Anita already had ordered every thing for the battle whe?
her husband came on board the Rio Pardo: she opened the
cannonade by pointing and firing. the first gun, with her ow?
hands, The conflict immediately became very fierce and sav
guinary. The decks were strewn with dead and wounded,
but amid the fearful carnage Garibaldi and his wife passed un-
harmed, everywhere cheering by their words and deeds, thé
awed, shrinking crew. The contest continued until but few
were left of the brave commander's crew. Anita was thes

   
 
  
   
  
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
   
 
    
  
   
   

tisp
hay
‘ore
hg

Neg
lord

 

 

 
 

 

BRAVERY OF HIS WIFE ANITA. 33

tispatched to. Gen. Canabarro for reinforcements, Garibaldi
‘Aving determined to fire the enemy’s flcet, by assailing them
‘orch in hand! Anita was. ordered to remain ashore, return-
Ng the general’s answer by a messenger, | She-delivered. the
Nessage, but returned—resolyed not to be separated from her
ord. Gen, Canabarro not only could not send the reinforce-
Nents, but.countermanded the desperate undertaking of Gari-
‘aldi to. fire the enemy’s fleet. The captain’ was further
"ered to pass ashore the small arms and ammunition of his
ats, and then to fire them. . This order was executed with
a heayy heart, for long association with  his'vesscls had ren-
{ered tem as familiar friends; but not a» moment was to be
°st. Anita superintended the debarkment of the -armamert
“ul munitions of the. Rio Pardo, while Garibaldi passed over

the others. He writes:—
the It was a painful commission, as it compelled me to behold
ba dead and wounded of the three alsimsgeies It w = an appalling
tn of human flesh. I trod upon headless and shattered
Ba les and scattered limbs. The captain of the Ttapartta, Juan

sriquez, lay in a pile of dead bodies composed of two-thirds

J tis men, with a great hole in his breast. My devoted friend 2
been Griggs had his body cut in twain by a heavy ball, and his

‘Ad and trunk lay upon the deck of his vessel, the Sieval.”
. The orders were rigidly executed. Soon. the little lancien
Were enveloped in flames, and their dead were consumed
Ra funcral pyre worthy of them. The unflinching Anita
.4de many journeys to the shore, from the Rio Pardo, land-
Ug its stores, ammunition and small arms—exposed, «all the
‘hile, to the unabated hail of the enemy's shot.’ No wonder
‘at the people grew to believe her life a charmed one.
The retreat was sounded by Gen. Canabarro, and, at dark,
‘© whole army was en route for Rio Grande.
rom this time dates the career of Garibaldi as a guerrilla
“Ader, With the other leaders.of the republican forces—the
ve and dashing Col. Texeira; the shrewd and determined
.amerian, Col. Aranah; the gallant and ‘tireless Ge). Por-
ako the tried and trusty. Majors Gracienta and Perchetto,
. “the cautious but consummate. tactician, Bento Gonzales, the
ange ressible Italian fought, suffered, retreated, conquered;
fae finally, with these commanders, he was driven from tlie _
d by the overwhelming forces of the Brazilian Empire.

 
  

 

   

  
  
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   

84 LIFE OF JOSEH GARIBALDT.

In connection with Col. Texeira and Col. Aranah, Garibal-
di was ordered to the relief of the brave mountaineers of Cam
de Serro, and overcame a vastly superior force by the most
brilliant maneuvering and stern fighting. General Acunal,
commander of the Brazilian army, forced to retreat, wag
drowned in the river Pelotas and the larger portion of his
army taken prisoners. This victory replaced, “r the m.ment,
the two departments of Lages and Vacear*. ander control of
the republicans.

At Coritibani the enemy under Mello was encountered.
The intrepid leader, Col. Texeira, without regard ‘to the dis
parity of numbers, rashed upon the imperialists, who were
five hundred strong in cavalry, with a heavy reserve of infat
try. A feint of retreat was made by the shrewd imperialist
It sufficed to draw the republicans—lasty and enthusiasti?
from their recent victory—into a well-prepared ambuscad®
The result was disastrous for the moment, but obstinate hand
to-hand conflict restored the fortunes of battle, and the enemy
retreated, apparently in disorder. . This, however, was. onlf
another feint. The republican cavalry, having pursued pre
cipitately for several miles, found themselves out-flanked bY
the enemy's infantry. Soon the rotite was complete. Gath
baldi, with consummate tact, cut his way to the crest of a nigh
hill, where he made a stand, throwing uy a temporary bart
cade of trees. This spot.serving as a rallying point, so?
found the republicans to the number of seventy-three gathere
there, and led by Garibaldi and Col. Texeira they resisted th?
repeated shock of assault by the whole body of the strong!f
mounted enemy; and, finally, in good order, retreated towal
tlie dense forest, about one mile distant. Along the edge of th#®
forest and through it, the little band made its way tow@
Lages, where the main division of the patriot army was su”
posed to be. That retreat was one long to be remembered by
the whole troop. Garibaldi writes :—“ The want of food—th”
weak condition cf all from extraordinary service—the wound?
and their sufferings from want of proper care—served to mak
us despair. For four days we had only roots for food. I c™
not describe the labor and pain endured in tracking a forest
where not even a trail existed, and where exliaustless natut
with a double effort gave birth to another forest—a forest of

 
HIS WIFE'S PERILOUS RIDR 85

‘ Siant reeds, which grew beneath the towering pines, and in-'
terlacing and falling, formed impassable barriers.” Five days
t Were spent in this terrible march, before a house was reached
1 “nd food procured. Then the retreat was safely pursued to
_ Mages,

3 The faithful Anita was present at the battle of Coritibani
'y ‘nd was taken prisoner while urging on the infantry and car-
f ‘ng for the wounded. Her horse was shot under her before
She was captured. Supposing her husband to -have been
L killed in the merciless massacre, she obtained *permission to
+ | ®earch the field for his body. It was not found, and she knew,
e thea, that he had escaped. Her mind was at once made up
r | ‘0 fullow. When darkness came, she made her way to the
t. Nearest estancia, where she was given a strong, fiery horse.
ic , *hen she took to the forest. . It was twenty leagues to Lages;
e ut, through that almost impenetrable forest, alive with yene-
1 Nous reptiles and ferocious beasts of prey, she pursued her
¥ | Way, unappalled and unshrinkingly. .The passes of the woods
¥ | Were swarming with imperialists lying in wait for the escaping
e | 'publicans; but none dared. to stop the way of the flying
yy | Woman:—she seemed so like an apparition of night, that the
+ | SUperstitious soldiers fled away before her, Arriving at the
bo} Uver Canoas, she found it swollen to a wild torrent, but did
i ) Rot hesitate in her flight. Clinging to her horse’s mane and
p ‘Wimming at his side, the noble beast ferried her safely over
ed he river. N early four days were continued in this wild ride
ne °r escape, so uncertain had been the way, so many the ob-
y 4cles to overcome. At the ead of that time Lages was
ri} Sinead A cup of coffee there was the first food, except a few

4 Wild berries, which had passed her lips in all the time of her
ight.

iP Owing to desertions the republican army was so reduced
by | ‘Nat Lages was abandoned. The remnant of the: troops re-
pe tireg toward the province of Rio Grande, thus leaving the
ed “Shlands in the undisputed possession of the imperialists. A
ke} J%netion was made by the now mere handful of men unger
an Wibaldi, Portinko and Texeira with the main army under
est © president, Bento Gonzales, quartered at Malacara, twelve

4 €3 from Porto Allegre, at the head of the lagune Los Patos.

 

 

 

 
  

 

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDL

CEXPTER. Vv 1.

FHE BATTLE OF TAQUARE—A SAD REVERSE AND RETREAT—suRPRISE %
SAN JOSE—A VICTORY AND ITS DISGRACEFUL RESULTS -THE arm
ALMOST ANNIHILATED—TARRYS AT SAN MARINO—FIRST CHILD por
TO ANITA——-RETREAT OF THE REPUBLICANS TO SAN GABRIEL, ove
THE MOUNTAINS—AWFUL SUFFERINGS IN THE FOREST—ARRIVAL *
SAN GABRIEL—BECOMES A CATTLE-DROVER—LEAVES FOR MONTEVID
——-EMPLOYMENT THERE,

Ar Taquare, in the summer of 1840, the enemy under Ge®
Jorge had gathered in strong force—said to lave been col”
posed of four thousand foot, three thousand horse, and a colt
plete bank of artillery. The republicans occupied the heigh®
of Pinburino to the number of about one thousand infant

~ . f
and five hundred horse. These forces comprised the vel?

Hower of the two armies, and the battle promised to deci?

the fate of the Republic. But Jorge—a brave, skillful gene!

—for some reasons abandoned, at night, the field and strove

positions he had obtained, after some preliminary skirmishiay

leaving the republicans no enemy to fight—much to the

chagrin. Pursuit was made, when a few advance brigades °

the patriots came into close and murderous conflict with tb?

imperialists.’ ‘After performing prodigies of valor, the assa”
ants were forced to retreat—leaving nearly one-half of thelt

number dead on the field of battle. A timely moyement 0

the republican commander-in-chief, by bringing the whole °
his army to bear on the enemy, doubtless would have sav“
this fatal repulse of the advance. But it was not made, ™
the imperialists, strongly fortified on the right bank of the
river Taquare, renyained masters of the country. The patrio®

found themselves compelled to retire to Malacara, and, fine!)

to Buena Vista.

A movement of surprise was then determined upon=tl?
rescue of St. José of the north. This fortified place coe
manded the mouth of the lagtine Los Putos, and really was 4
key to the province. - The imperialists had consider®'

 

   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
    
  
   
  
   
 

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BIRTH OF HIS SON MENOTTL. 8?

Weakened the garrison to reinforce: the force of Jorge. Gon-
“ales therefore resolved to restore his drooping fortunes by a
Strprise. All was admirably planned and executed. An eight
days’ march, of twenty-five miles per day, was accomplished.

he trenches were passed, the city gained, three or four ¢f the
forts assaulted and carried at the bayonet’s point. The vic-
lory seemed won. Then the troops gave up to disorder and
Pillage. Long deprived of all comforts, half famished and ,
Niserzbly clad, the infantry broke loose from all restraint, to
Not in their success. Soon all was lost. No command could
Yestore them to the order of battle. The enemy’s ships, bring-.
Ng their guns to bear, swept the streets with their shot. The
Nuperial troops, recruited from the barracks and forts on the
Pposite side of the harbor-mouth, renéwed their defence, and
*oon the whole tide of victory was turned against the repub-
‘cans. An awful carnage ensued, and only the skeleton of -
their late noble army was left to retreat, under cover of the
Yeserve of cavalry, to Buena’ Vista. Garibaldi remained on
the way, at the estancia St. Simon, with a troop composed of
ty officers and men—all who were spared of his fine infan-
hy, in that terrible conflict.

Such were the results of the want of discipline in the
Patriot army. A brilliant victory was changed to a disgrace-
Wand almost annjhilating defeat.

At St. Simon, Anita (who had accompanied the army) was
delivered (September 14th, 1840) of her first child—a son,
Named Menotti, after the Italian martyr. That this extra-
°rdinary woman should have endured all her late fatigues,

her condition of advanced pregnancy, is a marvel, indeed.

Rly the most exalted courage and devotion to her husband,
“ould have given her strength to encounter the dreadful pri-
Yations endured by the troops, whose hard fortunes were her
Wn, in all instances. The son born on the estancia came
to the world under distressing circumstances. No physician

'a$ there to minister to the young mother, in that moment
ve Sreat need. No comforts were prepared for the little one,
tthe parent. Yet, all was heroically.and safely endured; and

aribaldi, after the crisis was past, started off alone to Settem-

Tina, to obtain clothes for the babe and some necessaries for

18 beloved wife. Te journey was accomplished over flooded

 
  
  

    

88 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

plains, after several days’ hard travel, and the newly-madé
father returned to find that the guerrilla Morjngue had passed
through the country in his absence, imperiling the lives of the
republicans scattered throughout the region. The household
at St. Simon had taken to the woods, during a frightful ten’
pest of wind and rain. “Anita” the husband wrote, “ th?
twelfth day succeeding her confinement, had been compellé
to get on horseback, half naked, with her poor babe laid acros?
the saddle, and thus to take refuge in the forest, in a pitiles
storm.” t

A return to the.estancia was followed by the withdrawal of
the little troop to Capivari, from whence it followed the retreat
of the whole republican army.  Dispirited and reduced i®
numbers, the patriots were unable longer to maintain their po
sitions, and a retreat beyond the province of Missiones, of all
their forces, was decided upon. The Canabarro division (of
which Garibaldi’s sailor-infantry formed a part) was order
to force the passages of the Sierra da Cama—a range of heavJ
hills, densely covered with the forests, in whose fearful depths
the troops had already served—at Lages, Vaccaria and Cariti-
bani. Bento Gonzales was to follow with the main body of
the army, and the garrison of Settembrina was to bring up thé
rear,

We need not detail the painful incidents of that sad retreat
That the army suffered terribly—wanting, as it did, food, clotl
ing and almost every necessary for comfort—may readily b¢
guessed. Garibaldi and Anita shared their perils and suffer
ings together. With the babe (then three months old) lashed
to his bosom, the father pursued his weary way—the mothe?
riding, as best she could, on the worn-out and starved beast
which transported their little all. The record of the Italia?
reads:— The infantry was a prey-to sufferings which defy
description, for they bad no horses to slay and eat, as the
cavalry had. But a small portion of the women, and still Jes
of the children, survived. Those that did escape were saved
by the few men of the cavalry who had the good fortune 1?
retain their horses. These mea picked up the children left
with their dead mothers, or perishing with fatigue, cold an
hunger, and cared for them tenderly.” The guides throug
the forest lost their way, which prolonged the march and ad&

  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
 
   
   
  
 
 
   
    
     

 

 
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DEATH OF ROSETTI. 89

“l to their sufferings; for, during all that miserable jour-
hey, the rain never ceased.

At length, after nine days of suffering, the forest was passed
‘hd the wretched fugitives. were gladdened by the sight of the
‘tin and of cattle for food. A tarry was made at Vaccaria to
‘Wait the coming of the division of Gonzales, which finally came
‘tageling in, in. great disorder, being reduced fully one-third
Y the assaults of the tireless Moringue and his blood-thirsty
“ew, The third division—namely, the garrison of Settembri-
4a never came. It was overpowered at the start, and among
the Slain, was Garibaldi’s dear friend and co-patriot Rosetti,
Who perished after performing deeds of valor. His “death
Sleatly affected his friend, who felt that the loss to him was —

teparable indeed,

From Vaccaria the remnant of the army passed the province
%f Missioncs.to San Gabriel, where it went into barracks, ~

Having lost Rosetti, and feeling that the cause of the re-
Dublic was utterly hopeless, Garibaldi determined to quit the
‘trvice and go to Montevideo. For six years he had served
the republicans, through all fortunes, and, during that, time, had
"eceived scarcely pay enough to clothe himself and his wife.

€ should therefore have started. penniless had not his leader
given permission, and afforded the aid necessary, to collect a
herd of cattle from the pampas. In twenty days’ time a drove
%f about nine hundred animals was collected, with which Gari-
‘di started “for the south and a market.” The gathering
{nd driving of these wild creatures was a labor of never-end-
‘hg difficulties. At the Rio Negro nearly one-half of the herd
Was lost. Garibaldi resolved to save the rest by butchering
them, which he did, realizing about one hundred crowns, over
‘nd above expenses, for the hides and tallow of his beasts.

his was the sum total of his pay for six years of such service
%$ no other man could have given. It was enough for the
rave Italian, however, since it simply provided for the imme
late necessities of his fumily:—more he did not ask.
Arriving at Montevideo safely, Garibaldi found a warm

- Welcome from the Italians of the place. The revolutionary up-

Nsings in Italy had exiled many of the country’s most gener
°Us and brave men to various parts of the world. Some flew
bo England, hoping ere long again to be called to arms in the

 
  

 

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

struggle for liberty. Others took refuge in the United States
and were soon to be found filling important and responsible
positions as college professors, translators, editors, commercial
correspondents and agents, teachers of music, &., &c. A
large number sought homes in South America, being draw?
there not only because a living was cheaply obtained, but als?
to aid in the revolutionary movements. in Rio Grande del Sul
and the “ Argentine . Confederation.” At Montevideo—the
capital of Uruguay, and an important commercial mart, on the
Rio de la Plata—a large number of Garibaldi’s fellow-country
men had settled, to whom he was commended by his already
glorious deeds, as well as by his sympathy in the commo?
cause of the regeneration of Italy—a cause far dearer to the
exiles than life itself He entered at once into business, for
his crowns were already gone, and something was to be
done for his family’s support. Nothing else offering he be
came a commercial agent, “carrying around” he ‘says, “sam
ples of every nature, from Italian paste to Roman silks.” T0
this employment he added that. of tutor—becoming a professor
of mathematics in the school of the Italian, Paolo Semeid+
This was during the summer of 1841.

   
  
 
 
 
 
   
   
 
    
   
  
 
   

 
Se Ft SO We

i

 

 

THE ORIENTAL REPUBLIC. 41
*

a, CHAPTER VII:

‘axes commAND oF THE “ORIENTAL SQUADRON’—PASSAGE UP TNS
PARANA—RUNNING CANNONADES—MEETS THE ARGENTINE FLOTILLA—~
STAND MADE AGAINST THE ENEMY’S FLEET—TERRIFIC BATTLE OF THE
PARANA—DESERTION OF THE ARGENTINE FLOTILLA—THE SHIPS FIRED,
AND ESCAPE UP THE RIVER—STAY IN CORRIENTES—ORDERED TO SAN
FRANCISCO—BATTLE OF ARROYO GRANDE,

We now enter upon an important era in the life of our
Subject, The republic of Montevideo (the “ Oriental Repub-
'e”) at the date of Garibaldi’s arrival there (1841), was in a
‘late of great alarm consequent on the reverses of its army
\nder General Rivera in his conflicts with the army of the

ictator Rosas. Rosas, in his grand scheme of aggrandize-

Rent, evidently had planned the subjugation. of the surrounding

“publics. A good occasion offered for waging war upon

‘lontevideo, in this wise:—Ouribes had been president of the
Oriental Republic”—having succeeded Rivera. His malad-
liuistraticn caused the people to call Rivera to the goyern-

ent again. Ouribes resisted deposition by bringing a strong

Tay in the field to sustain his cause. He was met by Rivera

‘td defeated. He then fled, with his followers, to the protec-

‘On of the tyrant of Buenos Ayres, Rosas, who espoused his

“Use, giving him general command of his army. At that

‘Ne Rosas was at war with the Centralists or Unitarians,

‘Nder Generals Lavalle and Paz. Ouribes defeated Laval le,
id obliged General Paz to leave the field. Retiring to Mon-
‘Video with his followers and a large portion of his army, Paz

the Teady to answer the. call to arms when it was announced

“t Ouribes was moving toward Montevideo. | Rivera was al-

ly in the field. The Centralists from Corrientes joined him,
lacing him in command of ten thousand men, strong. He

t vermined to cross the river and give the enemy no oppor-
‘ty to invade the republic, by defeating him on the soi} of

Yenog Ayres. Ouribes had under his. command fourteen

Sousand tried troops, with strong cavalry and heavy artillery,

 
  

“ THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.
and Rivera was defeated. Ouribes then prepared to invadé
thé territory of Montevideo. General Paz assumed command
of the Oriental troops, comprising people of all nations, resi’
dents at Montevideo, who rose en masse to repel the now hate!
invader, who came under the authority of the more hated tyran4
Rosas. :

This was the state of affairs upon the arrival of Garibaldi
at Montevideo. An attentive observer of affairs, his symp*
thies were soon enlisted in the cause of the people against th?
invader and his despotic master. The Italians formed a nw
merous body in the republic, but were treated with contempt
and contumely by the arrogant French and the proud Spav’
iard. , This stung Garibaldi’s sensitive soul to the quick, ant
he then meditated the formation of that “Italian Legion”
which has since marched to glory in the astounding victories
of three European campaigns. His own name was too potet!
not to command attention from the authorities; while his t
flections upon the conduct of the campaign induced those
power to commission him upon a service which -they deem
would end in his death or disgrace. His too generous natul?
did not then discern their enmity nor penetrate their motive
though he realized both in a brief period.

He was placed in command of a fleet of three vessels, with
orders to ascend the Parana to Corrientes and afford succor

,its people in their struggle with Rosas, and thus somewhat

divert the attention of Ouribes from his threatened desce?
upon Montevideo. The squadron consisted of a heavy frigal®
the Constitution, the goelette, Proceda, and the brigantine,
ressiz. The voyage was to be made for six hundred miles
a river of tortuous channel, lined on both sides with enemi®
whose artillery could be made to do fearful service. If the
vessels escaped grounding and consequent capture, they wor?
sure to be ride led by balls from shore batteries; and th
when fairly in the net, Garibaldi perceived the perilous chat
acter of his enterprise. Annihilation or dishonor stared nit
in the face at every angle of the river. - Comprehentli™
the desperate nature of his “service, his lion heart -del®
mined to come off with honor let the fate of the expedition p
what it might.

The enemy's fleet, under Admiral Broun, pursued the ot |

   

   
  
   
 
 
   
   
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 

 

  

 
PURSUED UP THE PARANA. 43

fnfal squadron up the river. Passing the forts of Martin

718
a Garcia, at the confluence of the Parana and the Uruguay
a Tivers, a heavy fire was poured in upon the three vessels, kill-
ate tg several valuable men and officers. Three miles beyond,
raiily the deep draught of the frigate caused her to ground. She
had to be lightened in order to be floated. During this ardaous
aldi endeavor the enemy’s squadron (of seven ships) came down
npr Upon the Montevidians, The Constitution was aground—her
the Suns and stores lumbering up the Proceda so as to render her
iu Useless—the Peressia alone was available, though her com-
mp thander and crew were assisting at lightening the frigate. The
na propitious fates came to the rescue when all seemed utterly

and lost. The flag-ship of the admiral grounded before she could
on” bring her guns to bear. Hier position being in the van caused
ried her to obstruct the river, and compelled the other vessels to
tent | Await her floating. This delay proved the salvation of the
republicans, for the Constitution, ere long, floated—her arma-

 

 

re
if Ment was restored and every thing made ready for a desper-
ned ate conflict. A heavy fog now came floating down the river,

ure 43 if the beneficent Hand had cast a cloak around them from
the heavens, to conceal the Italian and his crews. Under its

eS,
; friendly protection, and aided by a favoring breeze, he sailed,
vith Silently and secretly, up the river. At San Nicolas’ several
rt Merchant-vessels of the enemy were captured. © Reaching
to > Bajada (the scene of his former imprisonment) he found for-
eo} { Midable preparations for his destruction; but strong winds
atey Carried his vessels safely and quickly by the heavy batteries
pr At many other points batteries were set to command the river ©
up Channel, but all were passed, after a series of sharp conflicts,
ies At Cerito, a warm fight silenced the six guns of a shore-bank,
the and several valuable prizes were taken from under the guns
oft Of the battery, of merchant vessels, by which much-needed
us Supplies were secured.

at’ At Cayallo-quattia, a junction was made with the Argentine
jm flotilla, and all proceeded together up the river as far as the
og Braya coast. There the shallow water compelled the fleet to
ar tarry. Admiral Broun was hastening on after his coveted
pe Prize, a.:2 would soon be up to the coast. Garibaldi therefore

disposed his whole force in order of defence, by stretching the
My Vessels in a line across the river, at right angles with its chan-

 

 
  

THE LIFE. OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

nel, . This disposition was made, after much trouble from the
current of the broad river, When Admiral Broun came in
sight all was ready.for his reception, even to shore guns and
infantry, which Garibaldi had thrown out to annoy the enemy.
At sunrise on the morning of the 18th of June, 1842, the battle
commenced, and raged with terrific fury all day, only ceasing
at night. Prodigies of valor were performed. The Monievi-
dian ficet was completely riddled, and many of its best and
bravest men and officers were killed or wounded. During the
darkness the almost exhausted men were employed in cutting
up chain for shot, and repairing damages, prep4ratory to a re-
newal of the fight. The Argentine vessels had been placed
by Garibaldi in the rear, to be used as the case might need,
for escape up the river, or for a reserve. During the fight the
commander deserted, and at night, when Garibaldi would have
called him to his aid; in the care of the wounded, he- found
the Corrientese gone. That desertion cut off all hopes of vic-
tory, if not of escape. The battle was renewed at daybreak,
but the weak condition of the crews, the want of balls, the
sinking and shattered condition of the vessels, all conspired
to make it of short duration. Garibaldi then determined, as
a last desperate resolvc, to fire the vessels, and, with his re-
maining crews, to force a passage to Corrientes. The dispo-
sition was soon made under the murderous fire of the now
jubilant enemy. Small boats were loaded with the men,
the wounded, and a mere handful of provisions—all the boats
could carry. The dangerously wounded were, according to
the custom hitherto referred to, put out of their misery by
their comrades, All being ready, the match was applied, and
amid the roar of the flames and the enemy’s artillery, the little
fleet of boats pulled away up the river. One after another
of the vessels blew up—the Constitution last of all. Her
heavy magazine sent a report up to heaven which sounded
like the breaking up of Vesuvius from its sleep of a handred
years. Then all was suddenly still, as when a storm had
spent itself in one wild burst; and the boats passed on swiftly
up the stream in a silence broken only by the oars and the
softly rippling waters. It was a sweet repose after the awful
catastrophes of those two June days.

The crews safely reached the Corrientes villages, and

 
 
   
  
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
  
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
   

 

 
mh

 

 

DEFENSE OP “MOTEVIDEO. 4&5

were kindly received.. There they remained for several
months inactive, when Garibaldi received orders from Monte-
Video to march with his men to San Francisco, then the
Scene of the revolution in Uruguay, where he was to co-op-
erate with Rivera. This order was obeyed with alacrity, and
a rapid journey made across the province to the Uruguay
tiver.. At San Francisco several vessels of war were awaiting
his command. Rivera had passed over into Entre-Rios to
meet his old enemy, Ouribes.. On the 6th of December, 1842,
the celebrated battle of Arroyo Grande was fought and lost--
the republicans and allies having had their fine armies almost
blotted out. Garibaldi passed down the river with a consider
able force to aid in the struggle; but it was too late: the de-
feat had not even left the vestige of an army with which to
co-operate, and Garibaldi -returned to San Francisco only to
learn how great a disaster had befallen their cause. He was
placed in charge of the large quantity of stores, &c., gathered
at that post, over which it was necessary to hold vigilant ©
watch.

It soon became apparent. that it would. be necessary to
abandon that outpost and concentrate every man for the de-
fense of Montevideo against the invasion, now certain, Gari-
baldi had orders to destroy his fleet. The larger vessels were
therefore burned, and the smaller ones sunk in the channel,
to prevent the enemy’s vessels from ascending the river to de-
vastate the towns and estancias of the upper province. - This
accomplished, with the crews again metamorphosed into infan-
try, the march was taken up for Montevideo.

The people of that city, now thoroughly alarmed for their
Safety, arose, almost to a man, in the formation of a new army:
The dread of the atrocities which were sure to be perpetrated
by Ouribes and his mercenary ‘hordes stimulated every arm
to exertion. The noble General Paz was recalled, by. ac-
Clamation, from his banishment from command, and given
charge of the defense of the city. From: foreigners and
natives, rich and poor, he formed an entirely new army—
one which for eight years maintained the field against the
Most overwhelming numbers, and whose deeds stand out in
the page of history as beacon-lights in the great sacrifices for
liberty. é

 
  
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
    
  
   

7

ae

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDL

Garibaldi was ordered to construct a flotilla for sea-defens%
while Paz threw up a line of fortifications around the city:

Founderies and manufactories of arms, ammunition, clothes -

and accouterments were opened. Cannon which had Jaif
unused for years were- put upon carriages. Every mat

thought oniy of defense, and nothing was left undone, which »

the g@hius and energy of the people could accomplish, to add
to the city’s defensive strength. The flotilla was construe
from’ such vessels as were available, and were mounted with
guns obtained from an enemy’s frigate, which had, fortunatel¥
for the patriots, grounded outside of the harbor, and which
Garibaldi had captured after a sharp fight.

CHAPTER VII.

MONTEVIDEO BESIEGED—ARRANGEMENTS FOR A SEA-FIGHT—ENGLISH AND
FRENCH INTERVENTION—ANZANI CALLED TO COMMAND THE LEGION
ARIES—THEIR REMARKABLE SERVICES AND PUBLIC RECOGNITION OF
THEM—THE EXPEDITION UP THE URUGUAY—ITS SUCCESS—SALTO FOR?
TIFIED—EXTRAORDINARY BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF SAN ANTONIN)
ASTONISHING VALOR OF THE TROOPS—ITS SUCCESS AND EFFECT UPON
THE MIND OF THE WORLD.

THESE preparations, although made with the utmost. dis
patch, were scarcely done when the enemy gathered upon the
heights flanking the city. No attempt was made, however,
to storm the works. Night attacks were made at all points,
and maneuvers were constant, which kept the defenders on
the alert, but no general action was risked by Ouribes. He
evidently feared the vengeance of the countrymen he sought
to butcher, and preferred to run no useless risks, The Italians
answered the call, and, under the command of Garibaldi, form-
ed into the “Legion.” The little squadron organized by
Garibaldi, kept the enemy in constant tribulation By its sorties
at all times and hours, At one time Garibaldi resolved to
force a close conflict with the large vessels of his old opponent,
Admiral Broun. Sailing out--all. the people of Montevideo
gathered along the quay te witness the murderous combat—
the admiral moved away, declining a collision which he well

 
ensé,
city.
thes,
Jain
man

hich .

add
cted
vith
tely
iich

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=< &

 

 

ANZANI TAKES A COMMAND, 47

knew would be murderous in the extreme. The legion still
Was under his eye. Under its active leaders, the troop (num:
bering five hundred bayonets) had made a sortie, but had
father disgracefully comported itself; whereupon Garibaldi de-
lermined to call to his aid Anzani—an Italian patriot, covered
With wounds and renown, who bad fled to South America,
and was. then.a manager of a large mercantile house in  Uru-
Stay. He responded to the call of his friend, and assumed a
Command in the legion, Under his tried hands and skillful
baining, the corps soon became.a wonder of discipline and
Courage. Next to Garibaldi he became the legion’s idol.

Previous to the coming of Anzani, Garibaldi had wiped
away the first disgrace of his countrymen by a splendid charge
Upon the enemy at Ccrito, near the city, where the invincible
bayonet did its work satisfactorily. For this action (March
27th, 1843) the corps was) publicly thanked and presented
With a stand of colors. This was consecrated in May of that
Year, with great éclat, and ever since has been the rallying
Standard of the legion. It was composed of a black back-
ground, with Vesuvius painted upon it. The chosen bearer
Was a youth of twenty, named Sacetro, whose valor has’ since
Made him a colonel.

The enemy determined to take the near island of Libertad,
preparatory to an assault. upon: the fortress of Ceno, which lay
Within cannon-reach—both valuable strategic and reserve po-
Sitions, held by the Montevideans. Garibaldi was sent to the
island’s defense. A battery was landed and served, while
Garibaldi hauled out in the river with his vessels, armed with
light. guns, to assail the attacking squadron. The conflict
promised to be a severe affair, and, foreseeing that it must re-
Sult in the Italian’s annihilation, Commodore Inglefield, of the
English squadron—then watching the interests of English
commerce in» these waters—gallantly came to the rescue and
sent word to Admiral Broun to cease his attack if he did not
Want the cross of St. George to sail. into the combat. This
timely interference came like a blessing to the Montevideans.
It was the pledge of sympathy and co-operation from the
Squadrons of both England and France in the struggle against _
the South American Caligula.

- Quribes still pressed the army of the republic, hovering

 

co

 
     
  
   
 
  
 
   
   
  
   
 
   
   
  
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
   

 

 

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDL

around the city witl a splendid army, active at all times, yet
not achieving any advantages of consequence. The legion
wis constantly in the field, adding almost daily ‘to its brilliant
deeds. - It was not to be defeated. © This invincibility inspired
the enemy with a mortal mistrust of their power to cope witlt
such a foe, and they always gave way before the. inevitable
bayonet rush which came thundering down upon them like 4
tempest, generally under the lead of Anzani, whom the
legionists would follow anywhere.

We shall not be able to record the almost innumerable ser-
vices performed by the Italians for the cause they had em-
braced. .Each single sortie or conflict was, in itself, meimor-
able. The renown of their deeds penetrated to their beloved
motherland, making the names of Garabaldi and Anzani
watcliwords of freedom.

We will briefly refer to the Uruguay expedition of 1845-6,
which Garibaldi characterizes as one of the most brilliant in
which he was ever engaged. It is a “ representative” record.

It having been determined to carry the war into the. enemy’s
midst, an expedition up the Uruguay was planned. Gen. Gari-
baldi was placed'in command. The whole number of vessels
detailed was fifteen, including several English and French
ships, which were to act as emergencies seemed: to require.
Thetroops of the expedition comprised two ‘hundred legion-
aries, two hundred national guards, and a hundred cavalry.
To thése were added, as the expedition progressed, a body of
martreros, or “free horsemen” of the pampas—a race well
characterized by Garibaldi as the “Centaurs of the New
World.” The start from Montevideo was made at the close
of the year 1845. ;

The fortress of Colonia, in possession of the enemy, was
first captured* and garrisoned by the republicans. The island
and fortress of Martin Garcia were next taken and garrisoned.
Resistance was obstinate in both cases. Prizes werg constant-
ly seized durmg the onward progress... At the peninsula
formed by’ the confluence of the Uruguay and Rio Negro
rivers,'a foray was made, and cattle for provisions were cap-
tured, and a number of horses obtained for the use of the cay-
alry. A small body of the enemy were also captured. The
people of the country bordering on the Uruguay, having bees

arive
Collec
yech
Garil
him
the |
Safe}
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Just
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in

 

 

 
 

DEFEATS. GENERAL LA VALLEYA. 49

driver. away from their houses by the ruthless enemy, were
Collected and protected on the island of Biscayan. Gualegua-
Yechu was taken, and more-good cavalry horses secured.
Garibaldi there found the wretch Milau, who had tortured
him when a prisoner at Santa Fé. It is unnecessary to say
the generous Italian let the villain go free. Paysandu was
Safely passed after a heavy cannonade from its well-mounted
Suns. At Hervidero—a magnificent estancia on the Uruguay
Just below the rapids, and just above Paysandu—Anzani de-
barked and took up his quarters, strongly fortifying his po-
Sition. The expedition was then joined by the brave and
influential martrero, José Mundell, who brought a fine troop
of horsemen with him. It was an invaluable acquisition.
Garibaldi went. down the river thirty miles, at Arroyo Malo,
fo meet him. During his absence a ‘determined assault was
Made upon Anzani by two thousand of the enemy under
Generals Garzon and La Valleya. They were repulsed, sus-
faining great losses. Taking advantage of high water, the
flotilla passed the rapids and occupied Salto, which La Valleya
Nad deserted to form his camp twenty miles away, on the left
‘bank of the Guabiya river, from whence to watch, besiege,
and, if possible, to surprise the republicans. He was attacked
i his quarters by Garibaldi, and, after a severe fight, was .
Utterly routed. Soon after (December 5th, 1845), General Ur-
{uiza—on his way from the decisive victory over the republi-
Cans at India Muerta to carry the war into Corrientes—came
Own upon the camp at Salto. Through a long, fruitless at-
tempt he found the little army too full of bravery and resource
°r him, and withdrew, after the loss of many of his best men
8nd officers, leaving two divisions under Lamas and Vergara to
Carry on the siege and strive to starve out the unconquerable
‘vaders. :
Word having been sent that General Medina was coming
from the north with five hundred horse to join Garibaldi, the
’tter chose one hundred and ninety of his legionaries and twe.
Undred horse, commanded by Col. Baez (who had recently
joined the expedition) and started out on the morning of
“ebruary 8th, 1846, to meet Medina, on the left bank of the
litle river San Antonio, and escort him into Salto. The
Watchful enemy were on the alert. With twelve hundred

 
  

~~

   

=: <= ==

50 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALD®.

horse and three hundred infantry, led by Gen. Gomez, they sud-
denly and unexpectedly came thundering down upon the repubs
licans. The cavalry of Baez took to flight after the first
charge—leaving Garibaldi and the legionaries alone on the
field of battle. The moment of destruction evidently had
come for that renowned troop. Garibaldi curtly addressed
the*men:—“ The enemy are many—we are few. So much
tie more fortunate my sons! The fewer we are, the more
glorious will be the victory. Be steady, reserve your fire until
they are close upon you; then fire and at them with the
bayonet!” The orders were received with a huzza. The
enemy came up rapidly, their infantry in the van, flanked and
backed by the cavalry. The infantry reserved fire until
within sixty paces, when they poured a deadly volley into the

‘legionaries, who had made a stand in an old. ruin, and were

partially protected by its walls and posts. A number fell, but
all were calm. Garibaldi rode forward to the front ranks,
shouted the order “fire!” and then “charge!” The onslaught
was quick and terrible. The infantry flew before the bayonet,
sharpened to a razor edge. The cavalry rushed in from both

flanks, but the pistol and bayonet carried terror into the-

horses’ ranks, .
At that instant a small troop of horse under command of
a brave spirit named Vega, rode through the enemy’s lines

and soon stood by the legionaries. Ashamed of Baez’s base —

desertion of their gencral, they rode back to stand by him to the
last. Their whirlwind-like return served to distract and to
divide the enemy’s cavalry into two sections.* Following up
this fortunate occurrence, a galling fire was thrown into the
broken ranks, by the legion, which drove them back to re-
form. Gomez ordered the now disconcerted horses to be put
aside, and the men, on foot, closed around the republicans to
shoot them down ata distance. But, protected somewhat by
the posts of the old ruin, the sharpshooters of the legionaries
served the guns loaded for them by the wounded with great
rapidity and unerring precision—every ball told, chiefly among
the officers and best troops.

* Dwight’s “ Autéblography” makes no mention of this in cident, but
expressly states that five or six horsemen remained after Baez's flight
whose command Garibaldi gave to the brave José Maria. We prefer the
eutbority of Duias’ work in thie affair.

 
 

tie eR ee eel ae ae a

 

 

   
    
  
  
  
   
  
  
 
    
  
 
   
  
  

le eile le ee
 

 

BATTLE OF SAN ANTONIO. ; 51

This resistance fairly wore the enemy down with fatigue.
Garibaldi’s men, under shelter-of a straw roof, were protected
8omewhat from the rays of the scorching sun. The troops of
Gomez, drawn’out on the plain, were exposed to the blazing
affliction until fairly overcome with ils unrelenting force.
Seeing this, Garibaldi proposed to fall back upon the Uruguay

‘iver, one mile distant. Along its banks was a belt of pro-

tecting timber Once in that wood the men were safe. Tlie

Order for a retreat fighting was sounded. The men were

formed in a close column—all the wounded being in the
Center. Garibaldi writes :—

“The few among us who were unscathed sang a patriotic
Song, to which even the wounded replied in the chorus. Gomez
Could not understand our movement. Wesuffered greatly from
Want of water, which compelled the men to suck roots and chew

ullets, while a few were so crazy with thirst as to swallow
their own urine.”

It was a “ fighting retreat ;” for the enemy, discovering at
length the purpose of the patriots to escape to the wood,
Charged furiously upon them, In every instance they were
driven away. Night at length came and. brought with it a
delicious coolness. The wood was safely reached. There a
body of the enemy had dismounted, preparatory to spending
the night. It was speedily turned out to give place to the re-
Publicans, who sought a brief moment of rest. The main
body of the enemy had now moved around, and taken a po-
Sition in the wood between Garibaldi and Salto, with the in-
tention of completing his destruction. The chief only allowed
an hour’s repose to his men. The enemy supposing that, after
Such a fight, the legion must remain at rest all night, was not
Prepared for the charge which soon was made upon their
Camp. Before the surprised men could saddle and mount
their horses the republicans were beyond them in a thick

. Stove, where, suddenly casting themselves upon thé ground,

they awaited the cavalry’s coming. The troopers came rush-
ing on, ignorant of the whereabouts of the legionaries. A sud-
den uprising and discharge told the story, and twenty-five te
thirty of the horsemen tumbled dead from their saddles.”
This stroke prevented any further charge in column upon the
little troop, though they had to fight irregularly up to the very
trenches of the camp of Salto, which was regained at mid.

 
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
  
   
    

    

THE LIFE

 

OF JOSEPH GARIBALDL

hight. The fight thus had lasted twelve hours, with only one
hour’s intermission during the halt in the wood.

Anzani hearing the firing was in the greatest excitement,
and apprehended the total annihilation of the whole body.
officers and all, from the overwhelming number of the Buenos
Ayrean forces. He dared not leave the fort, for it was in dan-
ger of assault at any moment. He had heen summoned to

‘surrender by a. detachment of cavalry, but replied defiantly.

whi.e he held a burning match over the powder-magazine
determined to blow up all rather than submit to capture.

In this extraordinary affair thirty of the legion were killed
and fifty-three wounded. Every officer was wounded except
their chief and two others,* Garibaldi’s escape seemed eyen
more than miraculous; the devoted band fully believed him to
be especially under the all-protecting hand of the Almighty.
Considering the truly desperate character of the fight, the
number of his killed and wounded speaks volumes in praise
of the command. =

When we realize that the enemy in this instance numbered
twelve hundred of as brave troops as ever drew a saber, that
they were ably officered and admirably equipped, this battle
of the plains of Sant Antonio must take its place beside the
most memorable in the history of any country.. The report
of it flew rapidly over South America—to North America and
Europe, making the name of Garibaldi a seven days’ wonder.
To the Italians throughout the world his fame became dear
indeed.

* Wetake this statement of numbers from Garibaldi’s letter, announ-
cing his victory to his comrades and the authorities at Montevideo. Thi#
letter is quite a unique and, indeed, important document, in its relation

to the autobioyraphy of the chief, yet it is not given nor even referred te
in Mr, Dwight’s book,

ate eee ee! ae ee ie

 

 

 
 

ANECDOTE OF THE FRENCH ADMIRAL 53

CHAPTER 1X

ANECDOTES AND INCIDENTS,

WE have now arrived at a moment in the career of Gari-
baldi when we may pause in our narrative of events to recall
- Some of those incidents which go far toward illustrating, not
Only the social character of the man, but also the personal
hature of the sacrifices made by him in the cause of a strange
People. :

After the passage of the Bayada, at the affair of Ceno, the
Officer reporting the fight to General Paz remarked that the
legionaries ‘‘ fought like lions”. The sturdy old warrior re-
plied: “No wonder—they were led by a lion !”

Admiral lAine, of the French squadron—a most chivalrous
officer and honest man—could scarcely await Garibaldi’s re-
turn to Montevideo, after the encounter on the plains of San
Antonio, to congratulate him on the splendor of the achieve-
ment. He first wrote a letter overflowing with expressions of
his admiration at the skill, bravery, heroism, and devotion
isplayed by the leader and his men. After the chief’s re-
turn, he hastened to call upon him. The story is thus relat
ed. Pulling ashore from his frigate, ?Afrieaine, he bent his
Steps, alone, in the direction of Garibaldi’s little house—a poor
tenement, through which the winds of the sea and pampas
freely played. The miserable door did not even serve the
purpose of keeping out the rain. Arriving at the half-opened
door, the admiral passed in to the outer room.” All being in
darkness, he stumbled over a chair. ‘ Halloo! the house!’ he
cried. “ Must a man break his neck to see you, O Garibaldi ?”
“Wife, wife! a light!” cried the general, recognizing the voice
of the admiral. ‘A light!” replied the startled Anita; “what
shall I light, my dear? Don’t you remember there is not
Money enough in the house to buy a candle?” “Ay, ay”
laughed the busband, as he opened the inner door to show the

 
     
   
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
 
  
 
 
  
   
 
   
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

.

54 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

admiral *he way to the family hearth. “This way, adiniral,
if you plvase; be careful of your shins, There, on your left,
is my Anita; against the wall my children are sleeping; on

. this side is a chair; now be seated.” The admiral langhed

heartily at this blind reception. ‘“ Admiral,” continued Gari-
baldi, “ when I agreed with Government for rations, I neglect-
ed to specify candles. $v, as Government has paid me no
money, I have no candles.” But the interview was none the
less agreeable for all that; and the admiral left after a half-
hour's visit greatly delighted. °

Proceeding to the placé of General Pacheo y Obés, then
minister of war to the republic, he related the story of the
interview in the darkness. The minister was surprised at the
relation, and immediately sent one hundred patagons (dollars)
to Garibaldi. The money was taken by the chief, kindly, but
the next morning it was all distributed among the widows
and children of the legionaries,—only reserving for himself
enough to purchase a pound of candles, which Anita was spe-
cially charged to keep for occasions of evening visits from
eminent persons. .

This generosity was a very inconvenient virtue at times.
One day, finding one of the legionaries shirtless, he took the
poor fellow into a retired place, where, stripping off his own
shirt, he placed it on the back of the destitute comrade in
arms. His poncho hid the state of his own body until he got
home. Appealing to Anita for another shirt, the wife could
only say :—“ Now, Joseph, it is too bad—it was the only shirt
youhad. What shall we do?” She was in terror at the want
of a shirt to cover her. husband’s body, who had been brave
enough to dare death. in a thousand shapes. Garibaldi en-
joyed the joke much, and sent word to Anzani for the loan
of a shirt.

When a prize was taken he allowed the men the greater
share, scarcely reserving more than would suffice for his own
most pressing wants. At one time considerable treasure was
taken from a prize. It was all sent to the empty treasury at
Montevideo, although, by the terms of his service, a large share
belonged rightfully to him.

The family purse once was reduced to three cents. His
little daughter, Theresita, one day having rolled down-stair®

  

 
2h we Sa Gk ee

 

 

 

 

INTERVIEW WITH ADMIRAL BROUN. ’ 55

cried loudly from pain, and from fright at the blood on her
face. The anxious father, remembering the three cents which
had been laid aside by the careful Anita “for an emergency,”
stole them away slyly and started out to buy some toy for the
child, to pacify her. At the door he was met by a messenger
from the president, Souarez, who summoned him to an import-
ant council. Garibaldi was occupied two hours, when, hay-
ing forgotten his first errand, he returned home with the three
cents in his pocket. Anita met him at the door with a
troubled face. “We have been robbed!” she said, in trepida-
tion. “Our purse of three cents has been stolen!” The real
thief, as he recalled his scattered senses, struck his head,
laughed, and soon produced the lost purse. Anita conld only
reprimand by exclaiming: “ What a fright the loss gave me !”

Notwithstanding his many conflicts with Admiral Broun, a
real friendship sprung up between these gallant. naval com-
manders. When Broun quitted the service of the tyrant Ro-
sas, he came to Montevideo. Before seeking out his own
family residing there, he made his way to the house of the
Italian leader. Meeting him, the admiral.embraced Garibaldi
again and again, and shed tears at the interview. _Turning ta
Anita, who looked on wonderingly, he said: “Madame, I
have many times fought against your husband, but always
without success. I swore over and over again to make him
my prisoner, but it was no use, for he always managed to use
me roughly and then escape. IfI had taken him, he would
have learned by my treatment of him as a prisoner how great
was my admiration for him.”

After the fight at Ceno and the passage of Bayarda, where the
legion first betrayed its invincible prowess, Gen. Rivera sought
to make some reward for the service rendered ; and presented to
the legion a deed of conveyance of a very large body of land,
stocked with cattle, and improved with haciendas (dwelling-
houses.) This land was taken from the general’s own private
estate. Learning this fact, the deed was returned by Garibal-
di, in the name of the legionaries, refusing the gift in courteous
terms. This act proved the disinterested nature of the servi-
ces rendered by the Italians—into whose bosoms their chief
infused much of his own high sense of honor.

Many times when the legionaries were in want they would

 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      
   

ee

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.
obtain leave of absence and servé on board some Frenen oF
Biscayan trader until meney enough was earned to buy the
required piece of clothing or arms, returning again to their
ranks cheerfully and unmurmuringly. Their officers never
fared better than the men—all served, suffered, and triumphed
together as a brotherhood. Garibaldi called the men “ his
sons,” and in all respects acted the father to them. Anzani
he called “ brother”—a title that noble man richly deserved.

Over the battle-field, on the plains of San Antonio, Garibal-
di caused a large cross to be erected, inscribed on one face :—

“To the XXXVI Italians who died the 8th of February,
MDOCCXLVI ;”
and on the reverse :—

“CLXXXTV Italians on the plains of San Antonio.”

The minister of war issued a decree, on the occasion of the
reception of Garibaldi’s dispatch from San Antonio, which
ordered :—1st. A grand parade of the whole garrison. 2d.
The legion at Montevideo to form in position and receive a
decree of honor. 8d. The troops all to defile before the
legion, which the léaders should salute, “ Vive Garibaldi and
his brave companions.”

The decree referred to we give:

1st. That the folf§wing words shall be inscribed, in letters
of gold, upon the standard of the Italian legion :—

“ Action of the 8th of February, 1846, of the Italian legion,
under the order of Garibaldi.”

2d. That the Italian legion shall have the precedence in all
parades, :

3d. That the names of those who fell in the battle shall be
inscribed upon a tablet, to be placed in the hall of Govern-
ment,

4th. That all the legionaries may wear, as a badge of dis-
tinction, an escutcheon on the left arm, composed of a crown
surrounded by this inscription :—

“ Invineibili Combatterone 1 8 Febrayo, 1846.”

Innumerable anecdotes of severe and cruel sufferings, of
self-denials and generous deeds, are on record—all of which
attest the noble nature of Garibaldi’s heart. There are also
records which show him to be a strict disciplinarian, a most
exacting leader, an unrelenting punisher of bad deeds; and

 

 

   

 
 

   
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
   
  
  
 
  
   
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ESTIMATE OF HIS CHARACTER,

Blow, also, a soul which flames up, at times, with firesas
fiergg as those of the Vesuvius. which is borne aloft upon the
legion’s banner. A tender husband, a gentle father, a con-
siderate and kind general, he is.yet the determined, selfwilled,
invincible soldier who knows no such word as defeat—who
Scorns danger, ease, personal advantage, political position, or
reputation, in the grand struggle for victory ovef a foe. ‘That
foe never is a friend of liberty, but ever its enemy and _ per-
secutor. With an enthusiasm that is electric—-a hope that never
dies—a trust in self that is entire—a voice of tremendous com-
pass—vast powers of strength and endurance—he is the man
fcr the time, and the one, of all-others, to be trusted with the
Cause of oppressed Italy.

CHAPTER X.

DISTRACTED STATE OF AFFAIRS IN THE REPUBLIC~-THE REVOLUTION OF
RIVERA--THE CONFLICT ON THE DAYMAN--RETURN TO MONTEVIDEO--
STATE OF AFFAIRS THERE—HO, FOR ITALY !—OFFER OF SERVICES TO
THE POPE—DEPARTURE FOR EUROPE—-LANDING AT NICE—OFFER OF
SERVICES TO CHARLES ALBERT—COL. MEDICI—DEATH OF ANZANI.
Tue events narrated in chapter VIII. were followed by the

Withdrawal of the enemy under Gomez to Paysandu. The

field of battle was, literally, covered with the dead and wound-

ed of the Buenos Ayrean horses and men. The actual loss
hever has been published. It must have exceeded fully ten
to one that of the republicans. The wounded of the republi-

Can army were all rescued. by the legion from the sacrifice of

the knife—uniformly made by the cut-throats of the dictator,

in emulation of his brutal. instincts; and, notwithstanding al-
most every step of the way to the forg.had to be contested,
hot a wounded man was left upon whom the .enemy might
glut his vengeance. This dogged rescue was.one of the
hoblest achievements of all that victory. Arriving at the fort,
the physicians from the French ship ? Helair rendered important

Medical services to the wounded; while the women of Salto

Were mothers and sisters to those needing their gentle

Ministrations. E :

 

   
  

    

58 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

Thé days following the battle were spent in gathering and
burying the dead. The legionaries and volunteers were biffied
in one grave, and a cross erected over them, conmmemorating
their great deeds.* The enemy were not left to the vultures:

even their bodies were decently interred. Foes were more _

humane than friends.

Up to May 20th ofthat year (1846), no further conflicts oc-
curred with the troops of Buenos Ayres. But, true to their
restless instincts the patriot leaders had fallen out among

- themselves, and a civil war served to distract the government.

Rivera rode into power over the dead bodies of his country-
men. A revolution: in Corrientes drove the true and tried
General Paz into Brazil, in exile. His banishment caused the
Paraguay allies to withdraw their forces from Corrientes.
Urquiza soon overcame the resistance offered by Madaringa,
and Corrientes passed under the iron rule of the dictator. Ri-
vera sought to banish all the old leaders in the Oriental army
and government, and succeeded but too well. Only a few re-
mained, who, like Garibaldi and Anzani, were braye and dis-
interested enough to repel, alike the power of the usurper,
Rivera, and the invader, Urquiza.

On May 20th a battle occurred on the banks of. the river
Dayman, several leagues from Salto. It was a spirited affair,
both armies fighting with great persistence ; but, as usual, the
obstinacy of the republicans proved a bulwark of defense
which even the vastly superior forces of the enemy could not
break. The terrific bayonet again swept the field, and victory
rested with Garibaldi’s troops, though at the sacrifice of many
lives.

Af-er this fight, Garibaldi returned with the flotilla to Mon-
tevideo, by order of Rivera, then in supreme power. The de-
feat of the Corrientes army by Urquiza’s, the banishment of
General Paz and his ‘cdpatriots, and the ill successes of Ri-
vera in establishing his authority, all had co-operated to favor
the cause of Rosas, Then the English and French intervea-
tion changed from a battle front to the miserable jugelery of
negotiation. As if Rosas had honor enough to form a basis for
an honorable negotiation! Matters grew daily worse. Rivera

essayed to stem the current setting in so powerfully against hiv, _

* See page 56, chapter IX,

 

    
   
  
   
 
 
 
    
  
 
    
 
  
 
  
   
   
  
 
   
    
 

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GQ fu he

GS ee

 

GAI.[BALDI WRITES TO THE POPE. 59

by offering a determined resistance to the constant progress of
the invader; but, step by step the enemy approached Monte -
Video, Salto was lost. A sad defeat was experienced at
Paysandu. The capital city soon was to be invested. That
lost all was lost, and the Oriental Republic of Montevideo
Would pass away forever. The crisis aroused all the energies
of the people, _ Though weary with their six years of desperate
Struggle—though poor from their many sacrifices—though in
Mourning for the loss of so many of their protectors—a new,
army was created, Rivera was deposed and exiled ; those ban-
ished by him were recalled, to be reinstated in power: every
thing again assumed an attitude of-resistance to the Jast.

Here we shall leave the record of the Oriental Republic
for, up to the date of Garibaldi’s departure for Europe, at the
Cry of the revolution in Italy, in 1848, nothing occurred whict.
materially altered the face of affairs. “Intervention” kept the
dictator at bay, but did not give peace to Uruguay.*  Guari-
baldi, Anzani, and the legionaries were in service, though not
Called into the field for any stubborn duty. Granted a firm
by the government, Garibaldi devoted much of ‘his time to his
estate, which became the rendezvous of the leading spirits of
the army and the government. The admirable Anita presided
Over the house with dignity and grace.

But Italy! How the cry “to arms!” flew over the sea
until it reached the ears of the legion! How the hearts of hex
banished sons leaped at the call!

October 12th, 1847, Garibaldi and Anzani wrote to the new
Pope, Pio Nono, offering their swords in defense of that liberal
and popular policy which he promulgated in the early mo-
ments of his pontificate. This offer, couched in most respect-
ful and dutiful terms, was remitted through the papal nuncio
at Rio Janeiro, but no answer ever came. The papacy traly
did not want such men in its service: their names had be-
come, even in poor, crushed Italy, synonymous with defenders
of the people against a7 tyranny.

Waiting for a reply until March, 1847, the two leaders re-

* In 1850 a combination of all the Argentine States, together with Bra-
Zil, was made against Rosas, Urquiza, his former general- in-chief, be-
came leader of the combined armies against him. On the 2d of F ebruary,
1851, a terrible battle was fought-at Meron, in Buenos Ayres. The dictae
tor was defeated, and Sed to England—as before stated. A confederation
Was then formed, of which Urquiza became director.

 
    
  
 
   
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
   
  
 

  

 
 

60 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

sol zed upon pushing for Italy with such of the legion as would
follow; and embarked on the French brig Bésonte, for Nic
(27th March). In order to defray the expenses of the voyags
many of the men had to sell even their shirts—the captain ot
the brig extorting a heavy passage-money at the last moment.
Only eighty-five of the legionaries volunteered for the voyage,
and of these, twenty-five abandoned the enterprise when the
day of embarkation came. The fifty-six remaining were com-
posed of men who fought at San Antonio, together with 4
few brave Montevideans who resolved to follow the fortunes of
their chief. Medici, who. has since obtained such honorable
distinction and high command in the army of liberation, had
embarked from London for South America, in the summer of
1846, and was now in Garibaldi’s fullest confidence. He had
gone before the chief to Italy to pave the way for his landing,
by organizing an uprising in Piedmont. - The faithful Anita
and her sons, it is needless to say, were among the precious
freight of the brig.

Anzani was now so ill of pulmonary disease as to be con-
fined entirely to his bed. Garibaldi watched over him with
the utmost. tenderness, for his “brother” had almost’ become
heart of his heart.

Nothing happened on the voyage except ‘a threatened de-
struction from fire, which the intrepidity of Garibaldi and the
sick Anzani only averted by their efforts. The vessel arrived
off Nice, June 24th, 1847. Not knowing the state of feeling
toward them, the men hesitated as to the proper course to
pursue; but Garibaldi determined upon an immediate debark-
ment, notwithstanding a decree of death still hung over his
head. The reception was_a surprise to all. The very name
of the leader of the immortal legion thrilled through the heart
of northern Italy like an electric communication. Ovations
were tendered him by his old townspeople, while large numbers
of resolute spirits flocked to the standard of the legion, anxious
to serve under it.

*. The uprisings of May had preceded his arrival, as well a3
that of Medici. Garibaldi found the King of Sardinia, Charles
Albert, in the field, ostensibly the chief of a popular crusade”
against the Austrian. True to_his generous instincts, without
waiting to communicate with Medici, he resolved to offer his

 

eins Xe ae

an

  
DEATH OF ANZANI 61

arms to the King,’and proceeded to Milan for that purpose.
Medici, having already enlisted three hundred intrepid men in
his cause, felt extremely burt at this movement of his chief,
and only became reconciled with him after the death of An-
zani,. which soon occurred at Genoa, whither Medici- had
borne him. ;

 

.
Anzani to the last was true to Italy and Garibaldi, | His dying injunc-
tion to Medici was to be reconciled to his chief, for heaven had endowed
him with a mission to free Italy, and he would accomplish it. Anzani's
Papers, most unfortunately. were placed in the keeping of his brother,
Whose devotion to the cause of Anstria has led to their suppression.
They would, unquestionably, throw a vast deal of light upon his times as
Well as upon the life of Garibaldi. His burial was attended, at Alzate, by
an ummense concourse of people. The government was powerlers to re-
press the sympathy of the people with the heroic character of the man
f Whom it not only had exiled, but had, also, set a price upon his head.
When his death became known at Montevideo a general regret was felt,

for, next to Garibaldi, he was nearest the heart of the people and troops
of therepublic. The legion drapedits colors in mourning, and Odicine.
surgeon to the legion, pronounced a funeral oration at the obsequies held
by the troops. Gari»ldi pays freqnent tributes to the memory of his com-
rade. He seems to fee] that had he lived, the revolution of 48-9 would not
have terminated so disastrous’y to the Italian cause; but it is probable, if
his own vast popularity and sayacity were unable to prevail over circum-
stances, that Anzaui’s intrepidity and hold upon the heart of the troops
would have ava‘l.d comparatively little. The cause was made to suecumb
to circumstanc?3 ard cecs against which no resource of the Italians could
prevail. It ir now_ewdent that Providence, who orders the destiny of na*
tions as we" »s of individuals, held the cause in his keeping to give, at a
later day, 9 nurtea Ataly to the kingdoms of the world. Truly He doeth
a)l things veut.

 

  
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
   
   
  
 
 
 
 
   

*

  
    
  
   
 
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
 
    
   

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

OT ACE T die eh

REFUSED SERVICE BY CHARLES ALBERT—ENTERS THE SERVICE OF MILAN
—FORMS THE LEGION—MARCH TO BERGAMO—THE ARMSTICE-—HE DE
CLARES FOR ITALY AND FALLS BACK UPON COMO—FIGHT AT SERINO—
ADVANCE TO VARESE—RADETZKY MANEUVERS TO CUT OFF HIS RETREAT
=-CUTS A BLOODY PASSAGE INTO SWITZERLAND—GOES TO GENOA—THB
LEGION GATHERS AT RAVENNA—THE CALL TO ROME.

GARIBALDI was doomed to disappointment. No. answet
came from the minister in reply to Garibaldi’s offer of service.
He. then proceeded to Charles Albert’s head-quarters, The
king received him civilly, but with reserve, and bade him
await the.reply of his ministry—apparently fearing to take the
responsibility of giving a Mazzinian a general command.
Back,to Turin he posted, but only to receive, from M. Ricci,
the minister of war, the following note :—

“T urgently advise that youproceed immediately to Venice.
There you will. obtain command of some little vessels, with
which to make war upon Austrian commerce and thus be of
service tothe Venetians. That I believe t6 be your only prop-
er place for servicé.”

This stung the sensitive’ soul of the ardent patriot to the
quick, He made no reply; his heart was moved to unutter-
able disgust. at the impudence betrayed by the minister, and
pity at the timidity: and vacillation of the king.

Poudering over the results of his application, under the ar-
cades of Turin, the chief and Medici came together, face to
fuce. Medici forgot all his anger at the sight of his chief’s
sorrow-stricken countenance, and they flew into each other's
arms. The story of the rebuff was soon explained. It wa%
resolved immediately to proceed to Milan. The Piedmontes¢
army had just received its first severe reverse, and the moment
was propitious for the patriots. The provisional government
at Milan immediately and gladly commissioned Garibaldi with
authority to organize battalions of Lombard volunteers. Soot
the lists were full, for the name of the great leader drew the

floy
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RETREAT TO COMO. 63

flower of the Lombard and Piedmontese youth to his standard.
The Anzani battalion was then formed and was placed under
Medici for discipline.

The government soon became alarmed at the revolutionary
Spirits enrolled. It was evident that the heart of a free and
United Italy was throbbing there. So the ministry made the
Poor excuse of a want of arms, to palliate its neglect to equip
the troops. The reply was, as for arms the troop would ob-
tain them for themselves; but a uniform and equipments
Were expected. This demand opened the magazines of stores
and uniforms captured from Austrian, Hungarian, Switzer, and

Croat. From this heterogeneous stock the battalion manufac-

tured its peculiar uniform, and were soon ready for any service
which their chief might command,

The battalion at length set forward for Bergamo, proposing
to carry the war directly into the Austrian lines—a movement
in consonance with Garibaldi’s system of warfare, one cardinal.
principle of which is not to be placed on the defensive, but
always to obtain the moral force of the offensive, At Berga-
mo Mazzini entered the ranks, and several important acces-
sions from the regular army of Piedmont were made, Thus
reinforced, Garibaldi found himself in command of five thou-
Sand men. But a sudden order of recall was received from
the provisional committee, requiring forced marches of the
Whole battalion in their return to Milan, This order was
obeyed; but, arriving at Monza, the capitulation of Milan
(August 9th, 1848) was learned—the desertion of his cause by
Charles Albert was made known. ‘An armistice had been
declared in which Garibaldi’s troops were not included, and,
in consequence, a heavy body of the enemy’s cavalry was in
pursuit, The forced return to Milan would have placed. tho
patriots all in the power of the treacherous Austrian.

The net was not strong enough for its game. Addressing
the troops he ordered a retreat to Como of those who chose
to follow his fortunes in a -evolt against both Austria and
Charles Albert, for the rights of a free Italy. Arriving at
Como but eight hundred of the five thousand were left. A
position was taken, first at Camerleta, then at San. Fermo.
The troop dwindled away every day, until only about five
hundred remained true to their leader and his cause. It was

 
THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

then determined to resort to the usual tactics and carry the wat
into the enemy’s camp.

On the 12th of August the famous “decree” was’issued by
Garibaldi, declaring the king, Charles Albert, a traitor whom
the Italians must not trust, but that every patriot must make
war against him and the Austrian alike. A march was
ordered upon Arona, where a number of vessels were seized
and the troops embarked over the lake for Lerino, Exposure
to night air and over-éxertion brought on the marsli fever, t0
which Garibaldi had to succumb. He had hardly gained his
bed at Lerino, when the Austrians, twelve hundred strong,
came down furiously upon him. Springing from his conch
the fever was soon forgotten in the fierce hand to hand con-
flict. Victory rested with the legion—all of whom fought

y

_With great fury. The enemy was badly discomfited. The

troops then pushed on to Varesa, in the direction of Ra-
detzky’s lines. There it became apparent the Austrians were
maneuvering to get in Gar*aldi’s rear, thus to cut off his re-
treat into Switzerland. The patriots fell back upon Como,
prepared to fight their way through ten thousand troops, At
Merazzene with his five hundred men he forced a bloody passage
through the Austrians and passed safely into Switzerland.
This daring exploit, and the whole order of retreat, were
executed with so much skill that the retreat into Switzerland
added not a little to the luster of Garibaldi’s fame.

Col. Medici, in his account of this affair, in which he bore
a most responsible and honorable part, says :—

“ Hearing that he had arrived at a neighboring Swiss village,
I hastened to him and found him confined to a bed worn out,
injured, and hardly able to speak. He had marched sixteen
hours and had passed the Austrians as if by a miracle. His
first question was: “Is your company unbroken?” “ Yes”
answered. “All right; let me sleep to-night and to-morrow we
will at them again!” I smiled, well-knowing that he would be
so stiff on the morrow as not to be able to stir a foot. T'o my
utter astonishment he was on the alert in the morning, vigor-
ous as ever: the body is equal to the soul in Garibaldi—poth
are like iron.”

But the cause was not to prosper. To use the words of
Medici: “ Garibaldi’s Lombardy campaign was ended.” Me
dici was left to attempt such further offensive operaticus a5

  

 

  

 
 

 
 
  
   
 
  
    
  
   
  
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
   
    
  
 
 

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ARRIVAL AT ROME. 65

his judgment might dictate, while his chief withdrew to
Genoa to await the issue of events. A command was offered
him in the Sardinian army, but.he declined it, preferring no
relationships whatever with crowned heads. A deputation of
Sicilian revolutionary master-spirits visited him, and the plan
of an uprising in the island was determined upon, Three hun-
dred men were enrolled as a nucleus of the army of invasion,
With head-quarters at Ravenna; but, while. there, preparatory
to further arrangements, news came of the crisis in Rome and
the expedition to Sicily was given up. Rome called and
thither Le went, feeling that he had her destiny in his keeping.

CHAPTER XII.

AT ROME—THE DEFENSE OF THE CITY AGAINST THE FRENCH AND
NEAPOLITAN ARMIES. :

GARIBALDI started for Rome with his already. enlisted
legion, passing the Apeninnes, after a severe and, fatiguing
March by Spoleto, to Rieti, where he was ordéred into bar-
Tacks. The numbers enrolled had increased constantly from
the day the determination to march upon Rome was madé
known. There were at Rieti, therefore, three battalions, com-
Posed of fifteen hundred men. The provisional government,
Owing to some absurd distrust of Garibaldi’s executive ability,
Or, possibly, to some personal influences brought to bear, gave
the supreme command of the brigade to Angelo Massina, of
Bologna. The ee Ugo Bassi, joined the legion at the
barracks.

Zucchi, minister of war tc the pope, having heard, in the
fall of 1848, that'the “great bandit” was at Ravenna gathering:
troops for revolutionary service, sent orders to Bologna fp
two Swiss regiments to march against’ Ravenna and ‘throw
Garibaldi and his followers into the sea.” This experiment
Was not made, however, for early in the year 1849 the pope
imself was a fugitive from the popular fury, and Rome was
Yuder control of a provisional government, which ‘began to

 
  

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDT.

gather around it all the elements of a bloody resistance to any
attempt from within or without to place the yoke of the des
pot again on their necks, Guribaldi was: elected to the Con-
stituent Assembly, from Macerata, taking his seat at the open:
ing, February 9th, 1849. The kidg of Naples menacing the
republic on the south, Garibaldi was given’ command of the
troops sent to watch his motions; but the Ianding of the
French, under Oudinot, at Civita: Vecchia, recalled him to the
cify, which was then in the wildest alarm. The French em-
peror had played the part of an intriguant, through his minis-
ter, M. Lesseps, unsuccessfully, and now outraged all law and
precedent by sending a large army to “occupy” the city va-
cated by the pope. The provisional government determined
to defend their rights against the usurper and invader to the
last. General Avezzana, as minister of war, assumed the
command-in-chief. The people responded to the call and flew
to arms. To Garibaldi was given the command of the first
brigade, composed of his legion, the ‘battalion of the univer-
sity, the» battalion-of exiles, and.a battalion of regulars, He
assumed the position of honor, on the outside of the walls, from
the Portese gate tothe gate of San Pancrazio—into which led
the two roads from the seaport (Civita Vecchia) where the
French had landed. The second brigade was commanded by
Col. Masi; the third by Col. Savini; the fourth by Col. Gak
letti:. The Lombard battalion, under command of the gallant
Major Manara, was held as.a reserve.

On the morning of April 80th, the advance of the French
(who were eight thousand strong, with two squadrons of.
cavalry ahd twelve field-pieces) came upon the city at the

Cavalleggieri gate, where Col. Masi was. posted. Garibaldi

inimediately closed. in upon their flank, from the San Panera
zio gate. The battle immediately became general. Although
most of the Italians were now engaged for, the first time i?
earnest combat, they fought with a fury which astonished theif
leaders, Garibaldi was everywhere, the genius of the houl
No spot where his presence could answer & good purpose but
he was immediately there. His spirit fired the bosoms of b's
men; and it soon oecame’ evident that the, well-drilled and
daring Frenchmen had found their match in the active, un
inching Romans, who fought for their homes and their JiLertys

 

    
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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VICTORY OVER THE FRENCH

It is needless.to. enter into a detailed account, of. that cele-
brated struggle of man with man, battalion with battalion.
It was continued through seven hours, during which time the
French sustained themselves with wonderful skill and. bravery.
But, terribly cut. up) and out-maneuyered, they finally had to
yield and retreat toward Civita Vecchia, with a loss of fifteen
hundred. killed, wounded, and prisoners. . Rusconi in his
memoranda of the battle, says :—

“Oudinot came upon Garibaldi—a man who must stand as a
type in the soldier's art. In person beautiful, in habits simple,
in living frugal, with courage amounting to chivalrous heroism,
he impressed upon all around him real fascination. A thousand
men were in his ranks, and they would have died a thousand
deaths to fulfill his commands. In.manner curt, in anger fierce,
it would appear as if Lord Byron had conjured up this man tc
embody him in the immortal Conrad. Garibaldi was happiest
When the balls were hurtling around him. He pressed upon
the French from the flank, sustained by the brigade under Col.
Galleti and repulsed them &fter incessant fighting for several
hours. It appearing to him that the fight was not precipitate
enough he ordered a bayonet charge. It was most fatal to the
French, and. assured the victory. The use of the bayonet was
ever his favorite means of destruction, and accounts for the
great numbers of the enemy who fell in his battles.”

This victory was attended with heavy loss to the patriotic
defenders. The city suffered greatly from the French artil-
lery, and many. valuable works of art were injured: The
Women of Rome, with true devotion, cared for the wounded
With the utmost zeal. and ten@erness, and, the devoted Ugo
Bassi* chanted masses over the bodies of the dead.

Proclamations and bulletins were issued, congratulating the
troops and officers, and, by their highly patriotic tone, greatly
inflamed the zeal of all. The city was illuminated in honor
Of the triumph. The French asked and obtained a condition-
al armistice.

The king of Naples, with twenty thousand regulars and
Cayelry, threatened the city from Palestrina, Velletri, and Fras-
Cati, where he had taken up. strong positions: while five

* Bassi acted in the capacity of adjutant to Garibaldi. He was where-
ever danzer and duty called, cheering the men by his undaunted deniean-

. He bore no arms, as his holy office forbade their use. When he was
foomed to death (at the sad retreat from Rome) and shot, at. Bolegna, the

Secree of death alleged a falsehood in stating that he was found 7 arma
Qever used a sword even for defense,
  

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDL

thousand troops sent by Spain, to restore the pope to his tem-
poral throne, were daily expected to effect a landing on Italian
soil. The armistice relieving the hands of Garibaldi, he ob-
tained permission to march against the Neapolitans. On the
evening of the 4th of May (1849) he left Rome at the head of
his legion, now twenty-five hundred strong. A rapid and
secret night-mirch was made, over an unfrequented route,
toward Palestrina. At eight the next morning, a halt was
made near-to Tivoli, in the lonely ruins of the Adrian villa,
where they remained until the next day (May 6th), Then
the march was resumed, and Palestrina was gained and occu-
pied at one o’ociock on the morning of May 7th. The Nea-
politans were surprised, and it was not until May 9th that
they came to the attack. Garibaldi was ready for them. A
fight followed, which, after three hours’ duration, ended in the
utter discomfiture of the six thousand Neapolitans. After
some further advances it was apparent that the enemy would
not offer battle, but were drawing their lines nearer Rome.
Fearing a preconcerted conjunction with the French—whom
he well knew would violate the provisional armistice upon any
pretext—Garibaldi returned to Rome, arriving there on the
morning of May 12th, after a severe night-march.

A permanent armistice having been: declared May 12tb,

left the Romans at liberty to turn all their forces upon the -

king of Naples. It was therefore determined to send a strong
army against him. Gen. Roselli was given the chief com-
mand. Garibaldi held the second command. He waived his
right to the superior position, to which he was fully entitled
by his precedence of rank, in order, as he writes, to go where
duty called. He says:— fe

“T have ever been uninfluenced by feelings of a personal and
selfish nature. The chance of drawing my sword against thé
enemy, if only as a simple soldier I always thankfully embrace:
J should serve as a Bersagheri; and I took, thankfully, the post
offered me.”

An advance was made toward Velletri, on the morning of
May 16th. The Neapolitans had taken positions at Velletri,
Albano, and Frascati. They fell back upon Velletri, as the
Roman army advanced. Guaribaldi, with nineteen hundred
men, took the advance and came up under the walls of thé

  

 

 
  
   
 
 
   
   
    
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
     
  
 
  
   
  
   
 
 

DEFEKsT OF ‘THE NEAPOLITAN. 69

_ City--hoping to call out the énemy by showing the smallness
of his troops. The ruse was successful. <A regiment of chas-
seurs first came out—then several battalions of the line—then
a large body of cavalry. 'Thése found themselves in unex-
pectedly close quarters, when two ‘squadrons of horse chas-
seurs were launched upon the Romans, to turn the tide of
battle. The moment came which was .to decide the fate
of the battle. Placing himself at the head of sixty horse
Garibaldi led a whirlwind charge upon the five hundred chas-
seurs then riding down into the-fight. The shock was sudden
and severe. Garibaldi, good horseman as he was, was thrown
from his horse, as were many of his men; but his Montevide-
an “ tigers” were accustomed to such shocks, and soon every
man was mounted again. Their leader placed his hat upon
his sword and waved it above his head. The’signal was an-
swered with a shout, and the troop of sixty whirled around
and precipitated themselves again through the chasseurs. It
Was a movement of such daring, so. suddenly executed, that
the Neapolitans were confused. They pressed on, however,
as Garibaldi expected, followed by their flank battalion of the
line, which closed in behind and thus were drawn forward
into the hills, where some of the best of the legion were in re-
serve for the guerilla service they now performed. Behind
every rock and tree was a man who sent death before him.
This staggered the enemy and brought them to a halt in line.
Onl, Marina with his band of fifty tried lancers then made
another dash into the enemy, causing the front to waver and
fall from line. The two light brass guns of the patriots were
now brought suddenly to bear, from a favorable height, and
their grape told fearfully upon the enemy’s advance, causing
them to close ranks and fall back. - At this moment the
ever-ready Col. Manara, with his Lombards came up. We
will let Garibaldi repeat the story of Manara’s reception :—

“Manara looked for me immediately, and seeing my white
Poncho, started for me at a gallop, but was hindered by an in-
cident which I must record, as showing the real character of
the men. Passing the brigade band, then playing a lively air,
about twenty of his men could not resist, and, under the ‘hurt-
ling shower of balls and mitrazlles of the enemy, commenced to
dance. Manara stopped to see the fun, and while laughing at
the men a cannon-ball cleared away a dozen of the dancergyat

 
  

 

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

adash! A moment's pause ensued—the music suddenly ceased:
but. Manara shouted—“ Play, play, music!” when the band
again struck up and the dancers continued their sport.”

Manara now proposed to carry Velletri by assault; but, for
twenty-five hundred men to attempt to carry a fortress on
a height, with heavy artillery and twenty thousand men_ for
its defense, would have been sheer madness. Garibaldi only
awaited for the general-in-chief to come up with all the forces,
when the assault could be safely and surely made, But Ro-
selli did not come until the propitious hour for that movement
was gone: he had tarried on the way “to give his men soup”
—tarried five hours at a distance of five miles, all the while
Garibaldi was carrying on the desperate conflict !

Velletri was. totally evacuated by the enemy in the night.
A pursuit was made in the morning, but it was too late t¢
overtake the fugitives. A return to Rome was then sounded,
by orders from head-quarters.

Gariballi was received upon his entrance to the city with
great manifestations of applause from the people: it reealied
the days when the ancient Roman decreed a_ triumphal
entry to its idolized generals. The authorities learned theit
great error in. giving the command-in-chief to. Roselli:
Garibaldi would have blotted out that Neapolitan army, bad
he ordered the forces, and the defenders of Rome would have
had rich stores of clothing, munitions, and every thing so
much needed in tneir coming struggle with Oudinot, Was it
envy of his rising greatness and popularity that induced the
authorities to give him only a second place?

 

  

 
 

NIGHT ATTACK OF THE FRENCH. 1

CHAPTER XII.

THE CLOSING DRAMA OF THE ROMAN, REPUBLIO,

WE now come upon the last act in the drama of the Ro
man Republic cf 1849. ‘The French general, during the ar
mistice, i2d had his available forces increased to sixty thou-
sand men, with cavalry and heavy artillery for charge and
siege. Oudinot advised the Italian minister of war that he
should consider the 4th of June the last moment to which he
should delay executing his positive orders to “enter Rome at
all hazards.”

The Austrians were at Ancona preparing to effect a junction
with the Neapolitans, thus encompassing the city with a wall of
tnuskets. But no attention could be paid to them so-long as
the French were in front; and the first days of June were
spent in preparing for the terrible struggle which Oudinot liad
proclaimed for the 4th. At midnight of June 8d, Garibaldi
Was aroused by the report of arms. All Rome was in com-
motion. The enemy, by treachery, already was in the city.
The 4th of June had been named when the 3d was designed.
Coming up to the lines in the darkness, the French advance
were challenged by the guard. They replied “ Vive ['Italie,”
and were permitted to pass. It was but the work of a mo-
ment to poniard the sentinels—then the butchers soon were
in the surrounding villas, slaughtering the sentinels with pon-
iard and saber. Ere the alarm could spread they had -taken
the villas which commanded the approaches. The bells of
the city at length aroused the people and soldiers to a knowl-
edge of their danger, and soon all were rushing to the combat
now raging outside the walls,

Gariballi appeared on the ground—the leader and the. hope
of the troops and people. With a quick apprehension of the
disaster which had befallen their cause, in the loss of the
Villas, he ordered them to be retaken—the most important

 
  

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

being the villa. Corsini, which, commandmg an eminence,
swept the whole vicinity with its shot, and would protect the
opening of the siege parallels of the approaching enemy.
The record of the struggle for that villa reads like a fabled
combat. Such prodigious bravery was shown—such deeds
were performed by individuals and companies—as excited as-
tonishment even in the mind of the man who had won re-
nown upon South American battle-fields and waterse But, it
was all in vain. Three separate and persistent assaults failed
to give the patriots permanent possession of the Corsini palace.

When night-time came, the Romans found themselves regu- ,

larly besieged, with parallels flying up before the walls like
long lines of black waves sweeping in upon a broken shore.
Garibaldi determined to hold out to the last—to fight as
long as he had a gun to fire. Calling to his staff the bravest
of his brave officers, he took up quarters in a building rising
over the ramparts, overlooking the San Pancrazio gate,
and commanding a full view of the enemy’s operations, This
building had a small steeple, or look-out, upon its roof, where,
for much of the day, Garibaldi was to be found watching,
with his eagle eye, every spadeful of earth which flew from
the siege parallels, every movement of the troops—at the same

-time giving his commands for the defense. . When it became

known to the French that he was there, they directed theif
guns against the steeple. Garibaldi says:—

“Tt was very curious to see the storm of balls which rained
around me. 1 may properly-aver that I never, in all my life,
heard a tempest which made such a hissing and crashing, The
balis caused the whole strong house to shake, as if from an
earthquake. Several times I had my meals served in the stee-
ple in order to give the French marksmen the amusement 0
trying to hit me. My look-out had no protection but.a parapet
of wood; hence I had such music during my meal, that I coud
readily spare the services of the fine regimental band.”

It seems incredible that this man of many escapes should
remain unscathed in-such, a position, He would not desert

. that post, for it was, to him, an Argos which overlooked thé

whole wild sea around him.
One single incident will show the astonishing nerve of th¢
general. He writes :-—

“The actual rage of the Frenchmen to drill my head-quarters

 

 

    
 
 
   
   
   
  
 
   
   
    
    
   
  
 
 
 
  
 

ao Ee See” ee Ce ee fe tie Kk

  
 

     
    
  
 
    
   
 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
 
    
  
 
   
   
   

SORTIES UPON THE FRENCH: 9"

with their missiles, great and small, frequently produced amus-
ing incidents. One day. Vecchi came to consult with me...I
had with me Generals Avezzana and Rita, and had ordered a
dinner from the city, which was brought in a tin case. We
all sat down to eat on the ground in the garden, because the
balls and bombs disturbed the house so much that a table would
not stand still, We had just got well at. the mess when a large
bomb fell within a few feet of us. My guests jumped suddenly
and ran. Vecchi was doing the same when I caught and held
him fast, crying: “Oh, conscript father” (he was a member of
the assembly) “do not desert your chariot-chair!” The bomb
burst, as I thought it would, on*the side opposite to us. We
were covered with its dust and our dinner was spoiled.”

The Italians made an unparalleled defense. Every gun
was mounted where it could serve a best purpose, upon the
- walls or bastions erected without, and was served with the ut-

most skill. - If knocked from its carriage by the French balls,
the ready hands of the sappers soon remounted it ‘again. Sharp-
shooters were placed at every point to pick off officers and
men who showed their persons: outside the trenches, or above
the opposing bastions. Hundreds of the best and bravest of
Oudinot’s men fell before these fatally aimed rifles. It was
frequently necessary to dislodge these Bersaglieri of Manara,
hy bending a whole battery upon them, when they would
suddenly disappear, to reappear at some other point, intent
upon their fatal work.

On the 7th a truce was declared for a day, by mutual
agreement. It was needed to give the over-worked men some
repose. On the 9th a grand sortie was ordered by Garibaldi
to interrupt the advance ‘siege-works of the’ French. It was
rapidly made, and served “to warm the blood of ‘the men,”
though it entailed the loss of the chivalric Capt. Rosas ‘and
Several men. On the 10th a night sortie was ordered, Gari-
baldi taking personal command. ~ Its purpose was to gain
possession of one of the villas beyond the walls commanding
the siege trenches. Every thing was arranged for a desperate
hand-to-hand fight. But, when outside the gates, a false alarm
aroused the French, compelling the attack to be abandoned,

_ 88 a surprise was then impossible. .

On the 13th of June the French opened a general bombard-
Ment. Seven heavy batteries were brought to bear on
the .out-lying: bastions and walls. The stones fairly melted
  

  
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
     
    
  
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
    
  
  
   

74 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

away unler that volcanic storm. Breaches were opencd in
various places. Garibaldi’s head-quarters became longer ua-
tenable, and he was obliged to. pass to the Corsini palace.
The. tireless and undaunted Col. Medici was everywhere.
No. French troops could penetrate the breaches in the bastions
for Medici was there to drive them back with great slaughter.
The openings in the walls it was impossible to repair, so that,
by the 20th, the grand assault by the enemy was. practi-
cable, During the night.of that day, a mine having been
carried very stealthily by the enemy beneath the walls,
the sentinels were astounded with capture by men who came
up out of ‘the ground. This opening, placed the French in
possession of Garibaldi’s. late Jhead-quarters. His timely re-
moval had prevented bis capture—a design formed by Oudinot
and executed with vast labor almost successfully,

The cry now was sounded—" The French are within: the 1
walls!” All Rome was in uproar. Troops were flying to ]
quarters: women and children were everywhere. seeking
refuge from the rain of balls and bombs which filled the very
air, It was evident the hours of the Roman republic were
numbered—all through the efforts of a perjured. “-president,”
who sought, to. strengthen his hold upon power by restoring 3
monstrous. tyranny to its throne.

The authorities determined upon Jaunching all their forces
upon the French, and risk all in one gigantic effort to force 4
them from the walls. But, Garibaldi resisted the step as one
of the shearest madness, from the slaughter it would inevitably
entail, and the danger to be apprehended from the impossibili-
ty of controlling the masses of the population, who had an-
swered the call and were. now under arms, so as to make
them stand up to a murderous fire and assault. His councils
prevailed, to await. the coming of day, that the numbers and
disposition of the enemy might be correctly ascertained. yi

The morning broke. Then it was plairly to be seen that
Rome indeed was lost.. Garibaldi already had ordered an as-
sault upon the occupied bastions—it was already made—when,
discovering the fruitlessness of the attempt in theface:of the
artillery-now, brought to. bear upon his: lines, he ordered a re-
treat, to save, as he said, five thousand men, whom hé
knew would avswer his summons when -he should agaiD

 
7

 

DEFENSE OF THE INCLOSURE OF AURELIAN. 73

‘und the trumpet in the cause of Italy. The good judgment
ot the step can not be over-estimated, when we reflect that the
trenzy of the soldiers to be led on to the slaughter was almost
srrepressible. i

Two hundred paces behind the walls of Rome-is the
ancient inclosure of Aurelian. Into this Garibaldi threw a
sarge body of troops to fortify and defend it to the last—then,
when it was evident that all was lost, to cut his way out ‘and
nnd refuge in flight. or death—for surrender, neither he nor
nis men would, in any event. The patriots’ artillery was
quickly and admirably disposed for fearful service upon the
French bastions and parallels. Sharp-shooters did their work
with almost incredible fatality. This ‘resistance greatly in-
eensed Oudinot. He deemed the battle won when the walls
were gained, but found a fortress within a fortress, which now
aetied all the power of his forces, The order was ‘therefore
given by him to launch bombs and balls upon the city indis-
criminately. The consequence was a great destruction of
property and innocent life. Public and private buildings
were penetrated by the missiles, and ruin and death followed
tneir advent. Works of art, priceless to the world, were
pierced with rents or holes or shattered into a wreck. Every
tning seemed doomed to its destruction—old and young,
women, children, temples, statues, pictures, buildings, all to be
sacrificed, for what? To restore the “ vicegerent of Christ”
io his temporal throne! Oh! meek, forgiving Son or Gop—
what horrors are committed * * * * *!
. Thus the fight raged, not intermitting a moment through
the 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th of June. The very air
was hot with the -sulphurous flames which flitted hither and
yon—overhead, around, everywhere, like demons which even
death would not propitiate. Garibaldi paints the picture thus :—

“While a cannon was retained on its carriage we replied to
the enemy’s cannonade: but at night, on the 29th of June, our
last gun was dismounted, our fire was extinguished! That
night came over Rome like a pall. Ah, it wasa terrible night!
The artillery and fury.of the skies mingled with that of,earth,
The thunder answered, responding to the cannon. The light-
ning ran its livid lines across the path of the bombs: it seemed
as it Jove was aroused from hi’ ancient sleep to answer back
his defiance of human might.” :

 
   
  
    
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
   
   

THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

At midnight a sortie was made, led by Garibaldi—the still
ready, but now thoroughly, desperate leader ot that host
of martyrs. He threw himself forward into the breach, and
for an hour fought with the frenzy of a gladiator. Vecchi
says :—‘ The inclosure of Aureuan was taken and recaptured.
Not a spot was there to place the foot without treading upon
the wounded and dead. Garibaldi was great indeed—greater
than anybody had ever known. His heavy sword flew like
lightning—every one he smote fell dead before him. The
blood of one washed from his steel the blood of another. I
trembled for him, but he was wuscathed and stood as firm as
destiny.”

This last stroke “for the honor of Rome” was. at length,
arrested’ by an order from the assembly, which had. through
all these days, held its sessions uninterrupted? Garibaldi was
ordered to the Capitol. All rose to their feet as he entered
the chamber, and gave him the greeting of a wild huzza.. He
was covered with blood—his clothes were torn into snreds by
bayonet thrusts and bullets—his trusty sword was so. bent
with its strokes as to stand half from its sheath. Mounting
the tribune he counseled that the slaughter should cease and
the city be given up to the enemy—that the army and
assembly should retreat and remain together, 1 order to per-
petuate the republic of Rome even in the fastnesses of the
Apennines. After much deliberation it was resolved to aban-
don the defense—to dissolve the assembly, the triumvirate,
and the army, and thus bury the short-lived Roman republic.
This was the resolve of the assembly —not of Garibaldi.

On the 2d of July Garibaldi assembled the remnant of the
troops in the Place of the Vatican. In a brief address he an-
nounced the cause of the republic to be abandoned. but that
he had determined to carry on war to the end against the
Austrians, the king of Naples, and the pope. Who would
follow his hard fortunes? . Four thousand foot and nine hun-
dred horse gathered around him—two-thirds of all those de-
fenders of Rome who had been spared from the slaughter.
At evening of that day the now fugitives quitted Rome by the
Tivoli gate. Garibaldi’s heart was heavy. He wept like a
child. He was leaving Rome behind him, and many of his
brave companions in arms, whose mutilated bodies had beep

 
 

 

 
 

GARIBALDI’S APPEARANCE,

  
  
  
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
   
   
  
    
  
   

offered as a sacrifice on the altar of Roman freedom. But his ay
stern soul could brook no humiliation of surrender, and he
turned his face toward Venice, where Manin still held out for
Sree Italy.

 

CHAP Ts | EV.

INCIDENTS OF THE SIEGE—ANITA—ATTEMPT TO REACH VENICE—DISPER- ‘
SION OF THE TROOPS—ANITA’S DEATH—THE ESCAPE TO AMERICA-—~ .
VANDLE-MAKING ON STATEN ISLAND—-SELLING CIGARS IN CINCINNATI—~
GOES T? CALIFORNIA—TAKES COMMAND OF A PERUVIAN VESSEL—IN
BOSTON IN 1853—RETURN TO GENOA—BUYS THE ISLAND OF CAPRERA
AND SETTLES THERE.

From a history of the siege of Rome, written by Captain
Hoffstiller, a German, who served under Garibaldi, we glean
the following personal description of the chief, as he appeared
during that brilliant portion of his career :—

“Garibaldi is, in person, of medium height, with a face of
Greek purity, though bronzed by the sun. Under his broad.
brimmed sombrero flowed a heavy mass of dark hair. A heavy
beard, inclined to red in color, protected his face. His red shirt
was covered with a South American poncho [cloak] white in
color, lined with red. His staff officers and troops of the legion
wore the red blouse. Behind the chief rode his South Ameri-
can groom, a negro named Aguyar, dressed in black and arm-
ed with a lance. All the South Americans of the legion bore
poniards and pistoJs constatly in their belts, and'carried heavy
buffalo-hide whips in their hands.” .

The heroism inspired by his presence often has been a sub-
ject of remark. No general with fewer troops ever accom-
plished more. Officers and men dared any thing if Garibaldi
ordered it. Their enthusiasm, at times, became a frenzy—so
remarkable was the influence exercised over them by their
leader. Incidents occurred during the siege which read like
tales of the marvelous; but, coming authenticated by ample
testimony, they have entered into the facts of history, and
serve to characterize the defense of Rome as one of the most
desperate and chivalrous in the records of war. Garibaldi, in
ujs notes, makes particular mention of Col, Medici, the Dan.

  
   
 
    
 
   
  
   
  
   
  
   
  
  
     
   
     
   

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8 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDY.

dolo brothers, Ferrari, Maneli,. Sacchi, Manara, Marina; Ave#
zana,. Orrigeni, Morosini, Dr. Bertani, Ugo Bassi, Cicero Veer
chia, Mellara, Mameli, Magiagalli, Monfreni, &c.

Anita had followed her husband in his Jast campaign.
During the first campaign in Piedmont and Lombardy she had
remained with her children at Nice, with Garibaldi’s mother,
but flew to his side, without. his command, when he retreated
to Genoa, dispirited and sick. She was near him thereafter
most of the time. Being far advanced in pregnancy, Garibal-
di had persuaded her to remain, during the early part of the
siege, at Rieti; but, the thought of his danger determined her
to risk all in joining him. This she was enabled to do by
the assistance of Orrigeni. They passed ‘the French lines
unger the heavy fire, and surprised Garibaldi at his dinner, on
the 24th. Her devotion made her his almost constant com
panion: and when he passed out. at the Tivoli gate, on the 2d
of July, to cut his way through to Venice, his wife (dressed
as a man) was at his side, resolved to share his fortunes to
the end. Alas, for such devotion! Had she remained in
Rome, Garibaldi would not have been compelled “to see her
perish miserably in the house of his enemies, who would
scarcely give her decent burial in their fields.

The order of march was for Venice. The news of the
chieftain’s flight flew more rapidly than his daily progress. It
was not long, therefore, ere the Austrians under Duke Ern-
est and Gorzgowski threw themselves across his path, while
the Neapolitans and French closed in behind to intercept any
attempted: retreat. . He was thus hemmed in by ‘three power-
ful armies. Still, his heart did not fail until the troops, harass
ed by the enemy, demoralized by want of discipline, and suf
fering from exposure, hunger, and forced marches, began t?
desert. in» companies. He reached Terni jin good orde!-
Leaving. it (July 11), the desertions commenced. The dra-
goons sold their horses, and perpetrated such excesses upoB
the people that the peasantry turned out to. hunt down thosé
still true to their chief and his cause. That few of course
embraced the bravest and worthiest of the legionaries, of
Medici’s yolunteers, and Manara’s Lombards. Pushing o0
with his band—now reduced to six hundred men—he reached
Arezzo, but was refused admittance to the town. Thetine

 

2 8

Ce ie ee a ae) an fo ee oe ee
 

* DEATH OF ANITA. 7%

of march was chen turned toward San Marino, in whose pro-
fessedly neutral territory Garibaldi hoped to save his men
from the fury of the Austrians, who now disputed every inch
of the way and compelled..the patriots literally to. cut their
Path to the hoped-for haven. Arriving at San Marino, the
miserable, priest-ridden, poverty-stricken “ republic” was pow-
erless to prevent the Austrians from passing the frontiers,
Gorzgowski passed the frontier, closing up. every. ayenue
of escape. He proposed for the Jegionaries to. lay down

- their arms, stipulating that Garibaldi should be safely con-

s

veyed to America. The troops were disbanded by their
leader, that each might effect his escape with greater certainty,
for almost to-a man they had determined not to,sarrender to
the detested Austrians. Garibaldi and about sixty of his dear-
est officers and men, cut their way through the enemy and
hastened to the nearest. seaport..on the Adriatic, Cisenatico;
from. whence they proposed .to-sail for Venice. Arriving
Safely at- the, seaport, a number of fishing-boats. were seized,
and ufter a weary. night's preparation, the little band set sail,
Eyery thing: prospered and promised well for a, brief period ;
but when the boats: were off Mesoli—not sixty miles from
Venice—some Austrian vessels. discovered and bore down
upon them furiously. Nine of the little boats were captured.
Six made their way sxfely to. the shore—one of whict con-
tained Garibaldi, Anita, Ugo Bassi, Cicero, Vecchia, and his two
sons. The party immediately dispersed, hoping thus to elude
the vigilance of the Austrians.and Bolognese now on their
track. _ Bassi, and Cicero. Veechia and his two sons, soon fell
into the butchers’ hands, and.subsequently were, shot: Gari-
baldi and his sick wife made their, painful way toward Ra-
Venna, where good friends could offer them an asylum. But
Anita was very ill.. Exposure. of an extraordinary char-
acter had greatly debilitated her, and she. now, evidently, was
in a dying condition. Reaching a farm-house at Mandriole,
hear Rayeuna, on the estate of the Marquis Guiccioli, she was
porne to a chamber and soon died in her husband’s arms.
The documents which attest this version of Anita’s death
state:—

“ She was brought dying, on a phaeton, by Garibaldi himself,
to the farm-house of the brothers Raviglia. The woman. was

 
 

80 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

suffering from pernicious fever, as it was expressed by Dr. Nar
nini, of San. Alberto, who was casually present when they at
rived, and felt her pulse. Carried into a chamber and laid on
a bed, the assistance of a glass of water was brought to her;
but she had scarcely imbibed a few drops when she ceased to
live. Garibaldi was present, and broke out into bursts of in-
consolable giief for such a misfortune, and shortly after took
to flight, charging the family to give the body honorable burial.
These facts occurred on the 4th instant (August, 1849), toward
evening, in the presence of more than twenty persons—the la-
borers being ‘assembled to receive their week’s wages. * * *
It is already ascertained that the above-mentioned farmers,
seized with fear of the grave responsibility to which they were
exposed, for the momentary shelter given to Garibaldi, and for
the death of his wife occurring in their house, adopted the plan
of hiding it, and hence buried the body in the fields."* [See
“Ttaly in Transition,” by William Arthur, A. M., pages 101, 102.
Also pages 405, 406.] .

After thirty-five days of wandering, Garibaldi arrived at
Gefioa, from whence he made his way to Nice, where his
children still were, in his mother’s keeping. Tt was impossi-
ble to remain in Italy, as the Mazzinians were liable to arrest
at any moment. Although Garibaldi had long since refused
to indorse the policy and plans of Mazzini, he was sti!l re-
garded as dangerous to the peace of the country, and therefore
had to escape. Marseilles no longer proving a refuge, he
passed over to Algeria, from whence, in a few months, he
made his way to America—landing in New York in tlie sum-
mer of 1850. :

His arrival upon these shores was the occasion of much
interest in his behalf. A public reception tendered him
by the city authorities and citizens of New York was respect-
fully declined. He immediately sought employment to obtain
an honorable livelihood, for his independent and sensitive
soul revolted at tle thought of becoming a subject of charity
even to his dearest friends. In company with his country-

* We quote this attested documentafy account at length, since it entirely
disposes of the statements of Dumas, Dwight, and all other biographers o!
our subject, to the effect that Anita died in a peasant’s deserted hut, and
was buried by Garibaldi himself in a Romagnola forest, in a spot only
known tohimself. Garibaldi, so far as we can ascertain, has given nO
authority for the tale repeated by his chroniclers. We may here remark
that the sketches of Garibaldi‘s life given by the ** Westminster Review,”
No, CXLU,.and by Colburn’s ‘* New Monthly,” for August, 1860, are so er-

roneous.in many important particulars as to render them worthless as

authority.

 

Ti toe he ee ae

Te ae? lhe
 

PURCHASES THE ISLAND OF CAPRERA. 81

man, Sig. Meucci, he embarked in the humble business of soap

and candle-making—the factory being located on Staten Island.

To the business he gave the best hours of the day, liboring

as hard as any of the hands on the premises. During the even-

ings he received visits from his friends, or wrote out the mem-

dirs since given to the world by Mr. Theodore Dwight and

Alexander Dumas, Sr. _Candle-making did not prosper. He

then went to Cincinnati, where he opened a segar-store. In”
this business he continued for several months, and then de-

termined to push for the “land of gold,” California—at that

time drawing to its placers numbers of adventurous spirits. _
Arriving in California (xa New York and’ Panama) he failed

to find suitable employment on shore, and once more took to

his old element, the sea—embarking in a Peruvian vessel as

captain, first in a yoyage to China, afterward as a trader to

Atlantic ports.

In September, 1853, as commander of the Peruvian bark Car-
men, he visited Boston, from Isloy. He was then again looking
toward Italy. The Crimean war, just commenced, threatened to
plunge all of Europe in the struggle. His correspondence
with his brother patriots was large. He spoke, at that time,
the Spanish, French, and German languages, as well as most
of the Italian tongues. English he could very readily under-
Stand but could not speak to any extent. Whetherhe return-
ed to Peru in the same vessel we are not informed; but in
1854 he again appeared in Genoa as a trader. Having amass-
ed means epough to purchase the little island of Caprera, off
the coast of Sardirfia, he settled down, there to await the issue
-of events—preferring to be thus near when the tocsin should
Sound. At his island home large numbers of his exiled
friends and “ompanions found a welcome. | All lived together
tilling the seil, devoting their leisure to the charms of stuily
and correspondence. §t. Helena surely never heid mors
true grea/eess than that little Sardinian isle. :

 
ES
=

a

e

 

82 THE: LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDL

CHAPTER XV.

THE LOMBARDY CAMPAIGN, 1859.

THE interval from 1854 to 1859 was spent by Garibaldi in
the peaceful. pursuits of agriculture on his Caprera farm. Ex-
periences with men and governments had worked a change
in his opinions in regard to the regeneration of Italy. That
Mazzini’s “republic” was a mere abstraction he had grown to
believe; and he also became convinced that only under a
strong constitutional monarchy was it possible to attain a
united Italy. That Victor Emanuel was ‘the monarch for the
hour he. fully, thought: He saw in him a min brave to a
fault, true-as the pole star to his promises, libera. in sentiment
as a, Protestant, earnest in his hate of oppressic., caring less
for a throne, than for the happiness and honor of his people.
The king did not fail, upon. many occasions, to. express his
regard for the devoted chief of the people. Garibaldi publicly
expressed his. disagreement. with Mazzini by approving the
subscription. for the hundred cannons of Alexandria, opened
by Gen..Manin; an act of slight importance, apparently, yet
significant to the cause of Italy, since it-certified his adhesion to
the national, party headed by Victor Emanuel, as opposed to
the liberals, who represented Mazzini and revolution,

When it was announced that the Austrian emperor had de-
fied the terms of the settlement by iavading Sardinia,
all.eyes were suddenly turned toward Trsin. Louis Napo-
leon,;-one of.the, primal movers of the woengress, gave the
Ttalion king the sympathy of his politic 1 cart, and embarked,
with a large army, for the, Sardinian lh: ad-quarters at Alcs-
sindria, by way of Genoa, where the kin,, awaited his coming
with great impatience. The Austrians had crossed the Ticino
river and penetrated to the Sesia—along which and the Ticino
they drew their lines, one hundred and thirty thousand strong,
with tremendous artillery and. cavalry, prepared for the des
perate conflict for a realm.

 
~

 

THE CICCATORI DEL ALPT. * ‘88

Could Garibaldi remain’a quiet spectator of these events?
His heart leaped with a mighty bound when ‘the king sutn-
moned him to Turin. The struggle for Italian nationality
had come. To‘drive the Austrians out of Lombardy, ‘out of
Venetia, out of Rome, had been his dream and hope for years:
now the moment was come when he could’ strike the blow
with the fair promise that’ dream and hope were ‘to have ®
final realization.

Proceeding ‘to Turin in the latter part of April, 1859; he
was gladly welcomed by Victor Emanuel, and was commis-
sioned licutenant-general, with orders to gather volunteers to
his standard, to ‘be organized ‘under the name “Ciccatori del
Alpi” (Chasseurs of the Alps). Although the appointment of
Garibaldi was not officially published—owing doubtless to the
opposition of the excellent but over-cautious minister of war,
Della*Mamora, to the guerilla’s nomination to the responsible
post—the news flew from city to hamlet, from valley to Al-
pine height ; and, as if the alarm of the magic trumpet had
called to arms, the flower of the Italian. youth—nobles, stu-
dents, professional men, artists,—hastened, in crowds, to the chief-
tain’s standard. Cols. Medici‘and Cozenz, now recalled from
exile, were placed at the head of regiments. “Maniora’s op-.
position continuing, some difficulty was experienced in equip-
ping the Ciceatori, and in assigning them their line of duty.
But the king, and Count Cavour, his ~prime minister, were
steadfast in their support of the brilliant “irregular” leader,
and Garibaldi, ere the arrival'of the French, carly in May,
found lis troops gathered at Casale, in good fighting ‘order,
ready at a moment’s warning, to be precipitated upon ‘the
enemy now lining the banks of the Ticino. Mamora’s ‘cau-
tious policy had prevailed so far as to place Garibaldi in Gen.
Cialdini’s division, with which he was to ‘co-operate—thus
virtually fettering his movements and denying him an inde-
pendent command. He was instructed to ‘move around ‘the
Austrians’ right, on the Ticino, and, by slow marches, to find
lis way to Varese if possible, keeping up constant communi-
cation with Cialdini. That admirable general, through tlie
necessity of strategetical combination, was compelled to ‘march
and countermarch from Vercelli and Stropiana, guarding ‘the
Sesia right bank as far as Gattinara. This to and fro move

7

 
 

 

 

84 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDY.

ment, so utterly repugnant to Garibaldi’s system of warfi.-e,
chafed him exceedingly. He resolved to abandon it. Sud-
denly quitting his corps at Romagnana he pushed for the
King’s head-quarters. An audience was immediately given
him on his unexpected arrival. The chief stated his unwill
ingness to worry out the fire and spirit of his men in the
hide-and-seek game of strategy, and: begged to be released
from his command if it could not be an independent one.
Victor’ Emanuel. saw the “ Montevidean tiger” in the gener-
al’s presence and demeanor, and, at onee, like a true soldier
and wise leader, bade him go where his inspiration impelled.
It is said he added the remark: “I have only one regret—
that of not being able to follow you.”

In five hours’ time the chief was at the head of the Ciccatori,
to inaugurate that series of advances, retreats, maneuvers, and
conflicts which added luster even to his former fame, and
proved Garibaldi one of the most able generals who ever com-
manded troops. ;

On the 22d of May, with his chasseurs, 5000 strong, he
passed the extreme right of the Austrians, after having made a
feint to the north of Arona, and suddenly crossed the Ticino,

_ at Sesto Calende, on the night of the 22d, immediately pushing

on to Varese—a small town among the hills, about half way
between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como. Arriving there, he
obtained a good position. These sudden and daring move-
ments alarmed the Austrians, The wildest stories of lis. in-
vulnerability and prowess spread dismay among the troops
left to garrison the smaller towns, while they also served the
good purpose to call hundreds of the people as volunteers into
his ranks...

The fiery and tireless General Urban, with 17,000 foot, six

~ cannon, and two divisions of cayalry, was detached from the

main army, under Count Gyulai, and ordered to “annihilate
the invaders:”—if they were not annihilated, all of northern
Lombardy and the Valteline, would be in open revolt—a dan-
ger more to be dreaded. by Fiancis Joseph than the regular ad-
vance cf the united armies of Sardinia and France,

Garibaldi now found himself beset by a most. powerful foe,
and prepared for that combat of life or death, which his na
ture and name rendered. inevitable . Urban, hastening UY

 
 

COMO. ABANDONED AND RETAKEN. 83

from the fields of Montebello, came sweeping down upon
Varese, to find it strongly barricaded. He halted before it,
preparatory to investment and assault, determined to give the,
Sardinians no quarter—no chance of escape. He did not ap-
prehend the true character. of his antagonist. Leaving about
two. hundred sharp-shooters to man the barricades and repre-
sent the army, Garibaldi silently issued from the rear of Varese
after dark, and suddenly and unexpectedly precipitated him-
self upon Urban’s flank. The bayonet did its fearful.work,
and, terrified at the apparition of “that devil of leaders,” the
Austrian infantry broke and fied in disorder, in spite of. the
cavalry reserve. It was a disgraceful defeat for Urban, to fol- _
low so soon after the defeat at Montebello.

A quick push was then made for Como, before which, on
the heights of San Fermo, the Austrians were quartered in a
good position, The intrepidity of the Ciccatori. again carried
all before them (May 26th and 27th)... San Ferino and Como
were taken. Urban, strengthened by detachments drawn
from Bergamo and Brescia, now came with great fury upon
Como. It was the key to the Upper Provinces, and opened
the way into the Tyrol: if it were lost the Austrian emperor
would find his Italian possessions melting away from beneath
his grasp. The overwhelming numbers of Urban’s forces—
their impregnable positions and heavy parks of artillery, rend-
ered it impracticable for the patriots to hold Como. They
thereupon abandoned the place, taking to the mountains. The
singular tactics of Garibaldi set at defiance all received rules
of civilized warfare, confounding the enemy while it inspirited
the men and rendered them equal to any emergency. The
order would be given ¢o disperse—when the whole corps would
dissolve and disappear, evidently on the principle of “ every
man for himself” A common, rendezyous having ‘been agreed
upon, it would be an unusual circumstance to find one of the
corps wanting when the hour came for the command, “fall
into rank!”

These movements availed now to baffle all pursuit by
Urban; and, while he thought the patriots utterly routed and
dispersed, he was astounded one morning to find them again
in possession of Varese—then in Laveno—again, rushing up
the heights of San Fermo, and gaining command of Como

 
86 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIDBALDS.

once more, This series of movements—while it utterly: a1®
comfited the Austrian general, and eventually drove him back
to the main army under Gyulai, beyond Monza—gave the
military world something for wonder—nothing like it had ever
transpired in the history of modern warfare. “Tl Ciceatori,”
were the theme of all talk, and the fame of their exploits ‘be
came world-wide. The Austrian common troops’ verily be-
lieved that Garibaldi and the powers of air were in league;
ani, while Urban swore at his men, they crossed themselves
and muttered invocations to the Virgin.

A correspondent of a London paper, having visited Gari-
baldi’s ‘camp, “to learn more of his wonderful exploits,” wrote,
under date of May 30th, from Arona, as follows:

“Volunteers are still pouring into Garibaldi’s camp from
every village and hamlet; which ‘has also been strengthened
by a Piedmontese brigade and two batteries of rifled artillery.
You see that the insurrection is gaining ground in Upper Lom-
bardy, -At the first appearance of our braves, all the civil au-
thorities of Como and Lecco have recognized the govern-
ment of Victor Emanuel, which, in these towns is represente
by Count Visconti Venosta. His spirited proclamations havé
roused the enthusiasm of the country folks and citizens, who
have hastened to the scene of action with an ardor never wit
nessed in 1848. Money, so much wanted in these times, is pour-
ing into Garibaldi’s military chest, together with gold necklaces
and their valuable trinkets from fair Lombard ladies, The sum
thus collected in two days has reached 2,000,000f.”

 

It is proper to state that much of this sum was obtained by
lifting the customs of the various ports on the Jake. With
Como, several Austrian steamers on the lake fell into the hands
of the patriots. They answered a valuable purpose as trans
ports of troops and supplies, and in keeping open communica’
tien with all the ports, :

The correspondent above referred to, further wrote ;

“Como was occupied on Saturday last*, after a hard fight of
two hours at San Fermo and Camerlato. This last-mention®
position is to be considered as the key of Como. The position$
were all carried at the point of the bayonet. It was a hard an¢
bloody fight, Which may, without exaggeration, be compared-!?

*May 27th, seven days after the defeat of the Anstrians under Cort
Gyulai, at Montebello. by the combined French and Sardinian armie
General Urban (fiield-marshal in rank) served in the batt.e, After
defeat, his bri Was sent against Garibaldi as stated, ©

 

 
 

LATTLE OF. MAGENTA, . 8?

the struggles of old, when Roman_and Carthaginian legions
met, etc., ete. The deeds he has achieved in so short a time,
have gained him the adiniration not only of the Piedmontese,
but, what is almost incredible, éven that of the French army.
Before leaving Turin, I was told that the emperor himself sent
one of his orderly officers to Garibaldi’s. head-quarters, to con-
gratulate him on the wonderful success. of his small band of
heroes.” :

The allied troops having crossed the Sesia, near Vercelli, on
the morning 6f May 30th, under command of Victor Eman-
uel, encountered the enemy, intrenched in Palestro, Casaline,
aud Vinzaglio. A severe conflict ensued which resulted in the
Sardinians carrying and holding Palestro. On the morning of
May dist, the Austrians, 25,000 strong,:attempted to retake this
last position. Another defeat for them was the result. This
contest proved ‘the high qualities of the king for command.
Cialdini co-operated with him, having under his command the
31 regiment of the celebrated Zouaves. A second attempt on
Palestro was made on the evening of the 3ist. It was des-
perately contested by the Austrians, but Cialdini, with his
. Zouayes, and the king with the cavalry, were invulnerable.
The celebrated battle of Magenta—the French emperor being
in chief command of the allied army—occurred on the 4th of
June, resulting in a decisive victory over the Austrian emper-
or. MeMahon, Canrobert, d’Hilliers, d’Angely, Millinet, Cler,
Wimpffen, Espinasse, Neil, were covered with glory by their
deeds on that day. Garibaldi felt a thrill of emulation at the
news of these glorious victories, and resolved that ‘the bril-
lianey of his own accomplishments should not pale before the
deeds of the king and his gallant allies, Most truly did lie
make good his resolves.

On the 5th of June, the whole corps embarked on the
steamers for Lecco, from whence to make a descent upon: Ber-
gamo. He was then able to call all his forces around him, for
the Austrians under Urban had: not only: been driven:from the
region of the lake to Monza and beyond, but ally the munici-
pulities had gladly thrown off their yoke. and. recognized: the
authority of the-commmission of the Sardiniansking, . This left.
the. Ciceatori at liberty to attempt further conquest on. the
high road to Verona. . Bergamo was.an ancient and. well forti-
Ged city, forty-five miles to the west of Brescia—the Brescia of

 
IO TE:

88 a THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

"
| [ 1840—the Brescia so dear to every Italian heart. To take
1h these cities was now the chieftain’s unalterable purpose.
t From Lecco a quick march was made upon Bergamo, That
fortified stronghold of the Tedeschi was found deserted by the

 

enemy! News of Garibaldi’s approach had been obtained ;

if when, spiking their guns, the Austrians retired upon Brescia,
4 leaving much valuable stores and munitions behind them. A
deputation of the authorities and citizens of the city waited
upon the patriots, ere they reached the place, to inform them of
the enemy’s evacuation, and to give them a hearty welcome to”
the town. Garibaldi entered amid the acclamations of the
entire population. Ere he dismounted, however, he was call-
ed to the field to meet a column of the enemy, now coming
upon him from Brescia. Notwithstanding the tired condition
of the chasseurs, a gallant charge was made, and the advancing
column scattered before the deadly onslaught of the bayonet.

A few days of rest was now granted the Ciccatori. Their
ceaseless activity for twenty days—only twenty days in con-
quering a province !—had worn them greatly. Many were
suffering from wounds, who still persisted >in following their
leader. . In the conflicts at San Fermo, Como, Laveno, Varese,
and Monza, many of the men had fallen, but their places were
more than filled by volunteers who continued to offer their ser-
vices. None were received except such as sustained a rigid
physical and moral examination. Only sound and honorable
men were allowed to claim the honors of a Ciccatori.

While the troops rested at Bergamo, Garibaldi paid a visit
to Milan to meet and confer with Victor Emanuel. He was
welcomed by the king in the most enthusiastic manner. Their
conference was in secret, at the king’s own request. The gen-
eral returned to camp with the gold medal for military valor
on his breast--the greatest reward his king could bestow; while
he bore many crosses and decorations for the brave men whcm
he was about to lead into more dangerous and trying service
than any they yet had seen.

The allies still: were behind the Adda river. Garibaldi’s
position, therefore, was considerably in advance of the regvlar

_army.* The forward movement upon Brescia would lead
*It is reported that Victor Emanuel declared to Garibaldi, “he wonld

gla:lly lay aside his crown and the cares of state, to be the leader of a free
corps, the tanqvard of the Ralian army.”

 

 
 

CAPTURE OF BRESCIA. 5 89

still further into the cnemy’s lines, and encompass the corps
with unusual peril. The Austrian emperor saw the danger
of this northern inroad, and determined to “crush the ban-
ditti.” But the steady march of the allied armies toward the
strongholds of Central Lombardy gave him small time to at
tend, in person, to the Ciccatori. :
The march on Brescia (June 15th) was now ordered. The
command was received with huzzas. That place was strongly
fortified, and, if carried, must be so-at the bayonet’s point—-in
all probability at the expense of half the lives of the attacking
corps. The enterprise was a fact to which Garibaldi’s deter-
mined spirit had left no negative; this the troops well knew.
Separated into companies, they pursued the by-roads to Bres-
cia, avoiding carefully the main approach by the direct and
excellent road. . This division of the army baffled the Austri-
ans: seeing so many detachments approaching from several
directions, they imagined a heavy army to be coming to the
assault, and, as at Bergamo, withdrew, leaving the city to the
patriots. That Garibaldi’s daring would lead him so far in
advance of the allies, was not one of the conceptions of the
Austrian brain. Therefore Brescia had not been reinforced to
a defensive footing. As at Bergamo, the inhabitants, as well
as authorities, welcomed their deliverers with acclamations,
Bells rang out joyfully ; houses were flung open to-give food
and drink to the troops; public buildings were illuminated :—
for, was not this the Brescia which held out against the butch-
er Haynau, in 1849? Its hour of deliverance had come; few
can realize the joy that reigned in the bosoms of the people.
At Brescia the usual war of offense was carried on vigor-
ously by stirring the municipalities around to revolt. An ex-
pedition was sent northward to Idro, composed of eighteen
men, packed in an omnibus, preceded by Colonel Tirr and
Major Camuzzi in a peasanv’s cart. Their ‘arrival at Idro was
announced by general rejoicings, beil-ringings, and the hoisting
of the tri-color over the quarters of the authorities, The
cighteen were left as a garrison, and the two officers returned to
Brescia with two hundred and fifty enthusiastic recruits from
“the young men of the best families of the district.
Two regiments were thrown forward to occupy Casiene-
dolo, on the route to Salo, on the Lake of Garda. Urban,

 
 

  

90 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDL

with a vowerful corps, fell suddenly upon the regiments and &
furious conflict ensued. Garipaldi had his horse shot under
nim, and, for a moment, his men supposed him killed; but,
springing up and waving his sword, he shouted” the charge.
The enemy fell back before that irresistible whirlwind of steel.
Cialdini soon came up with the main body of the Ciccatori,
when Urban was compelled to retire, and the patriots hurried
on to Salo, which important place was found to be unoccupied
by the Austrians, The eager people gave their liberators the
usual happy welcome.

Salo was attained in just-one month’s time from the day of
leaving the protecting walls of Casale, in Piedmont. What a cam-
paign—what an-accomplishment ! The world never has known
its parallel. During its prosecution the corps received no as-
sistance from the Sardinian treasury or ministry of war. Its
troops were all drawn voluntarily to the ranks, and thus their
numbers grew, until, reaching Salo, fifteen thousand men an-
swered the roll-call. No aid was required, even if it could
have been accorded to the swift-narching regiments, encom-
passed by powerful enemies. All the towns on the way vied
in kindness to their deliverers. Voluntary offerings poured
into the military chest. Bergamo clothed and equipped two
thousand men, Como one thousand two hundred, Lodi for-
warded fifty thousand franes in money. Brescia supplied all
wants of the whole division, in the way of shoes, stockings,
and food. Hard marches oftentimes compelled the ‘troops to
pursue their way barefoot; but they found new supplies at
their first quarters. No baggage was carried, no artillery
dragged over the roads—each man’s knapsack contained ‘his
all, and his coarse and simple uniform was his only protection,
asleep or awake. A good authority says:

“Tt was a touching sight to see men, white-handed: and: gen-
tly-nurtured, wearing the rude uniform asa distinction which
cast honor on the noblest name, and gayly enduring toils and
submitting to the stern discipline of the Cacciatori delle Alpi.
Uninured to fatigue, they often sank under the long marches,
which were usually directed across country, and the hospi-
_ tals were crowded with sick ; yet even they were roused by the
sound of musketry, The name of their leader, at all times the
hattle-cry, seemed a spell potent to raise even the dying; and
such was their eagerness for the fight, that on one occasion

 

  
xh

THE PEACE OF VILLAFRANCA, 91

eight soldiers, who lay ill, rose from their beds and.hurried. ta
partake the peril of their comrades. Two fell, two were carried
to the rear desperately wounded, the remaining four crept pain-
fully back to the hospital at the close of the day.*

The allies having crossed the Chiese, in their onward pro-
gres. toward Venetia, Garibaldi, after the occupation of Salo;
was sent, with a strong corps, to guard the Stelvio pass lead-
ing from Tyrol into Lombardy; while Cialdini, with his divi-
sion, was thrown into the Tonale pass, leading from Trentino,
or Italian Tyrol, into Lombardy. These movements were to
prevent the Austrians suddenly pouring down from Tyrol upon
the base line of the allies, ipon the Ticino and Adda, thus
losing the communications with Piedmont, while they, assail-
ed the French and Sardinian main army now pressing upon
the Mincio. Having gained Tirano, in the pass, Garibaldi
met the Tyrolese division of the Austrian army. of reserve,
who were determined, at all hazards, to keep.the pass open,
Several severe skirmishes. ensued... The impetuosity. of the
chasseurs. was too much, even for the brave and. nimble-footed
Tyroleans ; and Garibaldi was preparing to push on to Bormio,
when word came to halt. The armistice had been announced.
A few days more and news came of the conference at Villa-
franca—a few days more, the provisional peace! All Italy
stood paralyzed at this most unexpected suspension of hostilities,

at the moment when the walls of Verona were nearly in sight,

and while Venetia still was in, the Austrian’s hands. Peace,
then! It was as if the Red Sea, after having opened. for the
passage of the Israelites, had closed again, and shut them out
from the Promised Land—as if some convulsion of nature had
thrown up @ barrier over which no host might pass. Peace !
The word, so sweet to lisp, flew over the hills and valleys of
Lombardy to.make men curse, women Weep, and many to gu
mad.t It robbed liberty of a kingdom—it gave to tyranny a
diadem made of the hearts of three millions’of human beings.
Milan, Turin, Florence, Genoa became’ appallingly silent ;
Venice and Verona sent up, as they clanged their chains, a

* Westminster Review, No. CXLII.

+ It is authoritatively stated, so intensely had the hopes of the people
been excited for a reicase from Austrian rule, and a unity under the con:

gtitutional rule of Victor Emannei, that many in Milan, Verona, and Vem
ice went mad in their hate and despair, while several committed suicide,

f

 
 

  

93 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDL

ery of sorrow that was heard in the uttermost parts of the
civilized earth.

Victor Emanuel had no part in ordering this “arrangement”
at Villafranca, It was as unexpected to him and his minis-
ters as to his people and the world. Louis Napoleon hau
voluntarily taken up arms in behalf of Emanuel—had talked,
written, and ordained promises and manifestoes to free Italy ;
and the Sardinians, almost to a man, welcomed him as a de-
liverer, for they placed implicit confidence in his promises.
That convention and its results dispelled all illusions. It left
the enemies of Austria powerless to prosecute the campaign—
it rivited the chains upon Venetia firmer than ever. No de-
livery of the City of the Sea was now possible, except at the
peril of a contest with the united hosts of the two contracting
emperors. :

The prime minister, Count Cayour—whose clear head and
sound heart had skillfully directed affairs in their most peril-
ous moments—resigned, rather than recognize the arrangement.
Garibaldi, now having withdrawn his troops from the Valte-
line to head-quarters at Lovere, sent in his protest against this
arrest of affairs, and resolved to fight in spite of the treaty.
He asked for his release from regular service that he might
pursue his own course. The king was in despair, and wrote
a beseeching request for Garibaldi to stand by him, nor com-
plicate matters by a guerilla war at that moment. This act
saved his throne; for, touched with pity at Emanuel’s posi-
tion, the patriot resolved to be true to Italy by being true to
his king. July 19th he issued the following order :—

““ Whatever may be the progress of political events under ex-
isting circumstances, the Italians must neither lay down their
arms nor feel discouraged with disappointment. They must
hurry into the ranks and testify to Europe that, led by the vali-
ant Victor Emanuel, they are ready henceforward to meet the
vicissitudes of war of whatever nature they may be.

(Signed), GARIBALDI, General.”

~ This proclamation, and Cavour’s withdrawal, proved to the
Italians that their king, their chosen. prime minister, and their
“most deyoted leader, were true to their country. As this con-
viction gained ground, the mind of the people became calmed
and hope sprang again into full life :

 

  
RESIUNS HIS COMMAND, 93

Butthis declaration of an intention to prosecute the contess
against the Austrian proved tl.e source of diplomati¢ anxieties,
The congress of Zurich, which was now assembled to definite-
ly arrange the terms of settlement of the “ vexed Italian ques-
tion,” found, in Garibaldi’s attitude, his vast personal popu-
larity and known ability for war, an obstacle which all the
arts of diplomacy could not surmount. Seeing this, and fully
comprehending that his principles and power were not tending
to relieve the king from the meshes of a net which France ap-
parently was willing should close around him, Garibaldi again
signified his wish to resign and to retire from all command in
the army. Victor Emanuel could not consent to spare him,
and begged his acceptance of the command of the Tuscan
army which Ulloa had resigned. To this generous offer of
she king such powerful objections were made -by the diplo-
mats and the secret agents of France, that Garibaldi was
granted unlimited leave of absence. He thereupon issued the
following order :—

“My Comrapres ry Arms: I am obliged to retire at present
from the service, and General Pomoretti has been selected by
His Majesty to command the brigade. I trust, while brave in
action, you will be disciplined and strive to acquire uhder arms
the skill which will allow you to take your proper rank when
opposed to the enemies of our country.

(Signed) GARIBALDI.

“ Bergamo, August 11, 1859.”

His withdrawal relieved the diplomats of a bugbear; but
the people well knew (and the king, too), that he was destined
for the leader when the time came. His journey through Italy
Was a continued ovation, At Bologna the tomb of his be-
loved Ugo Bassi was visited. This event, small in itself, from
the circumstances Which followed, created a profound impres-
sion: they proved how wild-was the soul of the Italians

of the Papal dominions for freedom from priestly, as wel! as —

Austrian, domination. He gave his personal aid to General
Fanti in organizing the army of Central Italy, giving import-
ant commands to several of his old companions in arms. At
Ravenna he explained his policy in proposing the famous
subscription for a million muskets, to which not only all Italy
responded, but England and America hastened to approve by
gener dus contributions. “That Scuthern Italy was to be inva-

$,

 
   

94 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDY.

ded, the bloody. and brutal Bombino, driven from his throne,
and the two Sicilies given to the Constitutional Confederation
under Emanuel, was no longer a secret.

Proceeding to Turin, the king extended a warm welcome
to the chief. A secret, audience was held. , What transpired
is not certainly known, though it is understood that the king
earnestly dissuaded Garibaldi from any immediate or prede-
termined, aggressive moyement either against. Venetia, the
Papal States, or the Sicilies. . That he would not be dissuaded,
is evident from, his: resignation of his commission as general of
the army of Central Italy—to which he had been. quictly
gazetted after his withdrawal from the Ciecatori brigade. . The
king could, do no less than. accept it: to retain the general
in command would have, been to commit the crown openly
to the aggressive and revolutionary projects of the subject.

This act.excited. great uneasiness. The late course of the
king in, counseling submission to the ordinances.of the Con.
gress—the apparent acquiescence of Cavour in the policy—had
tended to arouse the element of resistance to foreign .influ-
ence and yassalage, which glowed like a voleanic fire in the
hearts of the Italian peopte. Their hope was Garibaldi: when
he resignéd, the fires burst forth ‘in public and private invec-
tives: which” were: threatening of revolution. — The following
address was issued to quiet, in some degree, the popular com-
motion :—

“To tar Irat1AN Prorite.—As_ underhand intrigues corf-
tinually check the liberty of action inherent in the rank I hold
in the army of Central Italy, and which I used to further that
object which every good Italian proposes to himself, I am leay-
ing the military service for the present.

“On the day that Victor Emanuel once again summons his
soldiers to arms.for the redemption of the country, I shall again
be at the side of my brave companions.. Zhe miserable and

_ crafty policy which for a time troubles the majestic progress of

our affairs, must persuade us that it is our duty to assemble
around the brave and legal soldier of independence, who is in-
capable of recoiling from his sublime. and generous, path, and
that we should prepare, at. present. more than ever, gold and
iron to receive those who would gladly plunge us again in the
horrors of the past. JOSEPH GARIBALDI.

“ Nive, 18th Nov., 1859.”

Victor Emanuel published the resignation in a public gen-

   
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
   
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
=f

ADDRESS TO TIE ITALIANS. : 95
eral order, couched in terms of the highest compliment to the
general, and announcing that he was to retain his honorary
rank.

Remaining a brief period at Nice with his children, he pro-
ceedel to Genoa, en route for his island home of Caprera.
But his withdrawal from the continent was prevented through
the intervention of friends of the government, who represented
that. the wild elements of popular fury might break out at

any moment, and thus again open Italy to foreign intervea- ,

tion. Ife sought to divert the public mind from any uprising
against the government by issuing another address, which
most explicitly foreshadowed. a future of strife for all. We
may quote :—* People of Italy, not one of you must hesitate
to give his mite to the national subscription—not one must
fail to have his musket in readiness, in order to, obtain by
force—it may be to-morrow—what. they hesitate to give us in
justice to-day.” The most strenuous efforts were adopted by
conseryative men to put a stop to the subscription for the
million muskets, but Garibaldi’s. influence wag_ too potent.
“Enthusiasm in the cause of regenerated Italy did not abate.

It is certain that the King of Sardinia held the Paris con-
gress (called to meet on January. 5th, 1860) in small respect,
for at the diplomatic reception of January Ist, it is reported
that he openly declared “only cannon could solve the Italian
question.” Words fly fast over the magic wires; and, ere
three days transpired, he received such assurances from Paris
as induced him to ask for the dissolution of the powerful
society, the Mazione Armata (Armed Nation), of which Gari-
baldi was president. _ That the intimacy between the king and
the general was most cordial is conclusive ; and that they were
actually co-operating, even at that early moment, to as great a
degree as it was safe and proper for the king to do in the

gigantic schemes maturing for Italian liberation is now apparent. —

The society was dissolved by Garibaldi, in the following

unique protest and public proclamation :— * s

“TO THE ITALIANS, —
“Summoned by some of my friends to try the part of con-

~ ciliator between all the factions of the Italian liberal party, I

was invited to accept the presidency of a society to be called the
Armed Nation,

ae

      
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
    
    
96 THE LIFE OF JOSEPH GARIBALDI,

“But, as the armed Italian nation is.a fact that terrifies every
thing disloyal, corrupting, and tyrannical, whether in Italy or
out of it, the crowd of modern Jesuits have become alarmed, and
cry out ‘anathema !’

“The-government of the gallant king has been importuned
bv the alarmists, and in order not to compromise it Ichave de-
cided on abandoning the noble object proposed to us.

“With the unanimous assent of all the members of the socie-
ty, I declare, then, the society of the Armed Nation dissolyed,
and I invite every Italian that loves his country to assist by his
subscription toward the acquisition of a million muskets. If,
with a million muskets, Italy, in presence of the foreigner,
should be incapable of arming a million soldiers, we should
have to despair of humanity. Let Italy arm, and she will be
free. G. GARIBALDL

“ Turin, Jan. 4, 1860—d P. mu.” ‘ :

It is surmised that the, potent word from Paris was, that
Napoleon had given up the Congress, and would, with the di-
rect sympathy of England, recognize the annexation of Emelia
and Tuscany to Sardinia.

How cunning are the arts of diplomacy! Machiavelli cer-

tainly had no need to write his “ Prince,” to teach modern

emperors how to dissimulate. Napoleon evidently is as great”
as the “Italian high-priest of liars” Even while he encour-

aged the Sardinian king to hope for the Emelia and Tuscany,

he plotted for the seizure of Savoy.

 
a MAGAZINE OF TO-DAY. i
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